Fig. 4.

Influencing factors of feature reproducibility. The alteration of image acquisition details among the five influential factors can significantly affect the extracted features, resulting in varying outcomes. The stability of radiomics features is highly influenced by image reconstruction techniques. The commonly used filtered back-projection and iterative methods in radiomics research tend to decrease the stability of radiomics features. The test–retest strategy can be an effective tool in reducing the variability caused by image acquisition and reconstruction. The choice of ROI segmentation methods such as manual, semi-automatic, and automatic, and the size of ROI can contribute to different levels of feature reproducibility. Moreover, inter-machine reproducibility has a substantial influence on the degree of feature variation. ROI region of interest