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. 2023 May 16;23:897. doi: 10.1186/s12889-023-15853-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — A map showing the local authorities in the UK and an enlarged subset of 20 local authorities in the south-east of the UK with an example of PM10 concentrations at 1 × 1 km² grid for the year 2017 for Tower Hamlets local authority and its corresponding LSOAs. The green–blue coloured polygons in the LSOAs map represent the LSOAs; The map was constructed by the authors in ArcGIS Pro software using PM10 air pollution shapefile for the year of 2017 downloaded from the DEFRA online data repository [44], local authorities UK boundaries shapefile downloaded from the Office for National Statistics [45], and LSOAs and data zones UK boundaries also downloaded from the Office for National Statistics, National Records of Scotland, and Northern Ireland Statistics [46]. Both DEFRA and Office for National Statistics shapefiles are governed under the Open Government Licence v.3.0