Summary of C-based NP-induced perturbation of metabolic pathways and their biological impact on different cells.

NP	Size [nm]	Coating	Cell	Dose/exposure time	Analytical platform	Perturbed metabolic pathway	Biological effect	Ref.
G	N/A	N/A	HepG2	25 μg mL−1	UPLC-MS	Arginine and proline	Membrane damage	286
						Purine	Protein damage
						Glycophospholipid
						Urea cycle
G	2000 × 2000 × 12	N/A	RAW 264.7	50, 100 μg mL−1	HPLC-MS	GSH	Mitochondrial membrane potential	287
				1, 3 h		Sphingolipid	CD36-dependent response
						CoA
						Purine
G	N/A	N/A	HaCaT	5 μg mL−1	1H NMR	Fumarate ↑	ROS generation	291
				168 h		Glycerophosphocholine ↑	Mitochondrial damage
						Pyruvate ↓	Cell death
						Phosphocreatine ↓	Cell migration
						Phosphocholine ↓
G	N/A	Carboxyl	A549	0.01, 0.1 μg mL−1	LC-MS	Amino acid	ROS generation	292
				48 h		Organic acids	Apoptosis
						Glycerophospholipid
						Glycerolipids
GO	N/A	N/A	HaCaT	5 μg mL−1	1H NMR	Fumarate ↓	ROS generation	291
				168 h		Alanine ↑	Mitochondrial damage
						Pyruvate ↑	Cell death
						Phosphocreatine ↑	Cell migration
						Glycerophosphocholine ↑
GO	N/A	N/A	MCF-7	20, 40, 60 μg mL−1	1H NMR	Arginine	Catabolism	288
				24 h		Proline	Therapeutic activity
						GSH
						TCA
GO	300	PEG	Saos-2	75 μg mL−1	1H NMR	Amino acid ↓	Proliferation delay	293
				24 h		Taurine ↓	Oxidative stress
						Creatine ↓
						Phosphocholine ↑
						Nucleotide ↑
GO	N/A	N/A	RLE-6TN	10 μg cm−2	HPLC-MS/MS	Amino acid	Oxidative stress	231
				24 h	FIA-MS/MS	Biogenic amine	Apoptosis
						Lipid
GO	N/A	N/A	NR8383	2.5, 5, 10 μg cm−2	HPLC-MS	No significant alteration	Oxidative stress	243
				24 h			Mitochondrial dysfunction
							DNA damage
							Cell death
GO	500–5000 × 0.8–1.2	N/A	Alga C. vulgaris	0.01–10 μg mL−1	GC-MS	Alkanes, lysine, octadecadienoic acid and valine	ROS generation	294
				96 h			Oxidative stress
MWCNT	500–2000 × 8–15 × 3–5	None	BEAS-2B	2–39 μg mL−1	1H NMR	Choline	Oxidative stress	295
		Hydroxyl	HepG2	24 h		Betaine	Inflammation
		Carboxyl				Succinate	Profibrosis
							DNA damage
MWCNT	[(1–3) or (0.05–0.2) 104 × 20–30 or 8–15]	Hydroxyl	BEAS-2B	6–45 μg mL−1	1H NMR	TCA	Oxidative stress	296
			HepG2	24 h		GSH	Inflammation
						Amino acid	Profibrosis
							DNA damage
MWCNT	846 × 11	N/A	HBEC-3KT	0.96, 1.92 μg cm−2	FT-MS/MS	TG, SM, Cer, PE, Chol ↑	ROS generation	297
				2, 13 weeks			Apoptosis
SWCNT	500–3000 × 1–2	Carboxyl	Alga C. vulgaris	0.01–10 μg mL−1	GC-MS	Alkanes, lysine, octadecadienoic acid and valine	ROS generation	294
				96 h			Oxidative stress
CNT	N/A	Carboxyl	A549	0.01, 0.1 μg mL−1	LC-MS	Amino acid	Energy metabolism dysfunction	292
				48 h		Organic acids	ROS generation
						Glycerophospholipid	Apoptosis
						Glycerolipids
C60	100	Carboxyl	A549	0.01, 0.1 μg mL−1	LC-MS	Amino acid	Energy metabolism dysfunction	292
				48 h		Organic acids
						Glycerophospholipid
						Glycerolipids
C60	120–150	N/A	Alga S. obliquus	0.1, 1 μg mL−1	GC-Q-TOF-MS	TCA	Growth inhibition	298
				168 h		Sucrose, d-glucose, malic acid ↑	Photosynthesis decrease
Cblack	30–50	N/A	A549	70 μg mL−1	UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS	TCA ↑	Inflammation	289
				48 h		Alanine	Oxidative stress
						Aspartate	Energy and signalling pathway disruption
						Glutamate	Apoptosis
						Histidine ↑
Cblack	14	None	EA.hy926	0.001–1 μg mL−1	GC-MS	Amino acid	Enhanced cell proliferation	299
		Benzo[a]pyrene		72 h		Organic acid	Cell motility
						Fatty acid	Cell migration increase
Ccellulose	2–40	N/A	NG97	10, 100 μg mL−1	LC-MS	Fatty acid	Cell viability	300
				6 h			Metabolic activity disruption
Cyclodextrin	0.5–1	Folate	MDA-MB-231	1 : 16 (v/v)	LC-Q-TOF-MS	Hexose metabolism	Apoptosis	301
				24 h		Glycolysis
						TCA
Glycyrrhizin (GL-BSA-Lut-NPs)	225.3	Luteolin	Bel-7402	0.375, 0.75, 1.25, 2.5, 5 mg mL−1	1H NMR	Lactate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, lipid, tyrosine, and β-glucose↓	Antitumor effect	302
		BSA		24 h		Glutamate, asparagine, choline, and creatine ↑	Apoptosis