Table 2.
Association of final surgical margins with clinicopathologic characteristics among 1,006 eligible patients with operatively resected pNETs∗.
| Primary R0 (n = 825) | Secondary R0 (n = 30) | R1 (n = 151) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | 58 (47–66) | 51 (45–62) | 59 (48–67) | .187 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 420 (50.9%) | 12 (40.0%) | 84 (55.6%) | .257 |
| Female | 405 (49.1%) | 18 (60.0%) | 67 (44.4%) | |
| BMI (kg/m2 ) | 28.1 (24.7–33.0) | 24.4 (21.2–29.6) | 27.6 (24.5–32.7) | .025 |
| Functional status | .428 | |||
| Nonfunctional | 687 (83.3%) | 23 (76.7%) | 126 (83.4%) | |
| Functional | 22 (2.7%) | 0 | 8 (5.3%) | |
| NA | 116 (14.0%) | 7 (23.3%) | 17 (11.3%) | |
| Genetic syndrome | .594 | |||
| None | 729 (88.4%) | 26 (86.7%) | 129 (85.4%) | |
| MEN 1 | 68 (8.2%) | 3 (10.0%) | 13 (8.6%) | |
| VHL | 7 (0.8%) | 0 | 3 (2.0%) | |
| Neurofibromatosis | 1 (0.1%) | 0 | 0 | |
| Tuberous sclerosis | 2 (0.2%) | 0 | 0 | |
| NA | 18 (2.2%) | 1 (3.3%) | 6 (4.0%) | |
| Symptomatic | 442 (53.6%) | 18 (60.0%) | 90 (59.6%) | .163 |
| Primary location | .221 | |||
| Head | 220 (26.75) | 8 (26.7%) | 53 (35.1%) | |
| Uncinated | 35 (4.2%) | 2 (6.7%) | 6 (4.0%) | |
| Neck/body | 184 (22.3%) | 11 (36.7%) | 37 (24.5%) | |
| Tail | 338 (41.0%) | 8 (26.7%) | 49 (32.5%) | |
| Multiple | 44 (5.3%) | 1 (3.3%) | 6 (4.0%) | |
| Largest tumor size (cm) | 2.0 (1.3–3.4) | 2.8 (1.2–4.8) | 3.0 (1.8–5.0) | <.001 |
| Multiple tumor nodules | 82 (9.9%) | 4 (13.3%) | 19 (12.6%) | .550 |
| Operative technique | <.001 | |||
| Open | 606 (73.5%) | 27 (90.0%) | 132 (87.4%) | |
| Laparoscopic/robotic | 217 (26.3%) | 3 (10.0%) | 19 (12.6%) | |
| Type of resection | .410 | |||
| Enucleation | 78 (9.5%) | 1 (3.3%) | 23 (15.2%) | |
| Classic PD | 103 (12.5%) | 5 (16.7%) | 18 (11.9%) | |
| Pylorus-preserving PD | 129 (15.6%) | 4 (13.3%) | 26 (17.2%) | |
| Central pancreatectomy | 26 (3.2%) | 2 (6.7%) | 4 (2.6%) | |
| Distal pancreatectomy | 476 (57.7%) | 18 (60.0%) | 76 (50.3%) | |
| Total pancreatectomy | 13 (1.6%) | 0 | 4 (2.6%) | |
| Major vascular resection | 25 (3.0%) | 3 (10.0%) | 19 (12.6%) | <.001 |
| Operation time (min) | 230 (185–307) | 291 (216–351) | 248 (188–331) | .008 |
| Blood loss (mL) | 200 (100–400) | 400 (200–500) | 300 (100–500) | .056 |
| Lymphadenectomy | 539 (65.3%) | 22 (73.3%) | 114 (75.5%) | .054 |
| Lymph nodes metastasis | 163 (19.8%) | 8 (26.7%) | 58 (38.4%) | <.001 |
| Postoperative morbidity | 438 (53.1%) | 18 (60.0%) | 81 (53.6%) | .767 |
| Severe complication (III–V) | 183 (22.2%) | 9 (30.0%) | 28 (18.5%) | .336 |
BMI, body mass index; MEN 1, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1; NA, not available; PD, pancreaticoduodenectomy; VHL, Von Hippel-Lindau.
∗
Fourteen patients were excluded who had no information available on intraoperative margin status.