Table 3.

Assessment of Students’ Depression (n = 1241) Using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)

Statement	n (%)	P-value Comparing Males (n = 494) to Females (n = 747)*
I still enjoy the things I used to enjoy
Definitely as much	429 (34.6)	≤ 0.001
Not quite so much	457 (36.8)
Only a little	266 (21.4)
Hardly at all	89 (7.2)
I can laugh and see the funny side of things
As much as I always could	657 (52.9)	≤ 0.001
Not quite so much now	407 (32.8)
Definitely not so much now	137 (11.1)
Not at all	40 (3.2)
I feel cheerful
Not at all	45 (3.6)	0.003
Not often	176 (14.2)
Sometimes	580 (46.7)
Most of the time	440 (35.5)
I feel as if I am slowed down
Nearly all the time	465 (37.5)	≤ 0.001
Very often	520 (41.9)
Sometimes	196 (15.8)
Not at all	60 (4.8)
I have lost interest in my appearance
Definitely	157 (12.7)	0.011
I do not take as much care as I should	309 (24.8)
I may not take quite as much care	326 (26.3)
I take just as much care as ever	449 (36.2)
I look forward with enjoyment to things
As much as I ever did	393 (31.7)	0.001
Rather less than I used to	575 (46.3)
Definitely less than I used to	207 (16.7)
Hardly at all	66 (5.3)
I can enjoy a good book or radio or Television program
Often	505 (40.7)	≤ 0.001
Sometimes	408 (32.9)
Not often	206 (16.6)
Very seldom	122 (9.8)

Notes: *Chi square test. P-values in bold are significant at 0.05 significance level. HADS copyright © R.P. Snaith and A.S. Zigmond, 1983, 1992, 1994. Record form items originally published in Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 67, 361–70, copyright © Munksgaard International Publishers Ltd, Copenhagen, 1983. Published by GL Assessment Limited, 1st Floor Vantage London, Great West Road, London TW8 9AG, UK. All rights reserved. GL Assessment is part of the GL Education Group.^29,50–52