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. 2023 Jun 1;14(3):750–777. doi: 10.14336/AD.2022.1022

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Copyright: © 2023 Balakrishnan et al.

this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed.

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Figure 2. — Neuroprotective effects of black pepper and its constituent piperine in age-related neurological disorders. Black pepper affects AD, PD, HD, MS, ischemic stroke, and epilepsy through each underlying mechanism. Down-arrows (↓) and up-arrows (↑) indicate inhibition and activation by black-pepper treatment, respectively. Key: Aβ, amyloid beta; DA, dopamine; SOD, superoxide dismutase; HO-1, heme oxygenase; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid; TH, tyrosine hydroxylase.