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. 2023 Jun 1;14(3):750–777. doi: 10.14336/AD.2022.1022

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Copyright: © 2023 Balakrishnan et al.

this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed.

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Figure 4. — Neuroprotective potential of black pepper and its bioactive compound piperine in age-related neurological disorders. Black pepper and piperine show various neuropharmacological effects via antioxidative stress, anti-neuroinflammation, cholinergic function, anti-Aβ toxicity, anti-neuronal apoptosis, and synaptic function modulation. The block lines () and arrows (→) denote inhibition and stimulation actions by black pepper and piperine, respectively. Key: Aβ, amyloid beta; HO-1, heme oxygenase; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B; ROS, reactive oxygen species; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; AChE, acetylcholinesterase; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-6, interleukin-6; PSD-95, postsynaptic density protein 95; GSH, glutathione; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; Bcl2, B-cell lymphoma 2.