Table 1.
Black-pepper compound chemical structures and neuroprotective activities.
| Compound name | Study model | Neuroprotective | Ability to cross BBB | Other activities | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Piperine |
In vitro/in silico | ☑ | ☑ | Can cross the BBB and has MAO-B inhibitory activity | [66, 67, 68] |
 Piperlonguminine |
In vitro/in vivo | ☑ | ☑ | Increased striatal dopamine levels and protective effects on mitochondrial complex I activity | [66, 69] |
 Pellitorine |
In vitro/in vivo | ☑ | ☑ | Good gut permeation and can cross the BBB | [66, 70] |
 Piperanine |
In vitro | ☑ | ☑ | Cytoprotective effects and low neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y and SK-N-SH cells | [66] |
 Pipercallosine |
In vitro | ☑ | ☑ | Cytoprotective effects and low neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y and SK-N-SH cells | [66] |
 Pipernonatine |
In vitro | ☑ | ☑ | Cytoprotective effects and low neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y and SK-N-SH cells | [66] |
 Dehydropipernonaline |
In vitro | ☑ | ☑ | Cytoprotective effects and low neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y and SK-N-SH cells | [66] |
 Guineensine |
In vitro | ☑ | ☑ | Cytoprotective effects and low neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y and SK-N-SH cells | [66] |
 Retrofractamide B |
In vitro | ☑ | ☑ | Cytoprotective effects and low neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y and SK-N-SH cells | [66] |
 Retrofractamide A |
In vitro | ☑ | ☑ | Has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities | [71] |
 Isopiperolein B |
In vitro | ☑ | ☑ | Has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities | [71] |
 Chabamide |
In vitro | ☑ | ☑ | Has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities | [71] |
 Paprazine |
In vitro/in vivo/in silico | ☑ | ☑ | Has antidepressant, anxiolytic, antipyretic, and thrombolytic activities |
[72] |
 Cepharadione A |
In vitro/in vivo/in silico | ☑ | ☑ | Has antidepressant, anxiolytic, antipyretic, and thrombolytic activities |
[72] |
 Piperolactam D |
In vitro/in vivo/in silico | ☑ | ☑ | Has antidepressant, anxiolytic, antipyretic, and thrombolytic activities |
[72] |
 10-tricosanone |
In vitro/in vivo/in silico | ☑ | ☑ | Has antidepressant, anxiolytic, antipyretic, and thrombolytic activities |
[72] |
 Sylvamide |
In vitro/in vivo/in silico | ☑ | ☑ | Has antidepressant, anxiolytic, antipyretic, and thrombolytic activities |
[72] |
 Chavicine |
In vivo | ☑ | ☑ | Improved memory function and reduced oxidative damage | [73] |
 Feruperine |
In vitro/in silico | ☑ | ☑ | Anti-AChE and BChE activities and potent DPPH free-radical scavenging activities | [74] |
 Piperettine |
In vitro/in silico | ☑ | ☑ | Anti-AChE and BChE activities and potent DPPH free-radical scavenging activities | [74] |
 6,7 dehydrobrachyamide B |
In vitro/in silico | ☑ | ☑ | Anti-AChE and BChE activities and potent DPPH free-radical scavenging activities | [74] |
 Piperettyline |
In vitro/in silico | ☑ | ☑ | Anti-AChE and BChE activities and potent DPPH free-radical scavenging activities | [74] |
In the ball and stick models, grey, red, white, and blue balls represent carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen, respectively. Key: ☑, has that ability:☑, does not have that ability; BBB, blood-brain barrier; MAO-B, monoamine oxidase-B; AChE, acetylcholinesterase; BChE, butyrylcholinesterase; DPPH, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl.