Appendix Table 1:
Gentrification Association with cSDOH Among Original Residents with Controls
| Medically Underserved Area | |
|---|---|
| Gentrifying Tract (ref.= Gentrifiable Not Gentrifying) | −0.026*** |
| (0.0003) | |
| Period (ref.= 2006) | −0.013*** |
| (0.0003) | |
| Gentrifying Tract*Period | 0.015*** |
| (0.0003) | |
| Moved during period | −0.004*** |
| (0.0004) | |
| Length of residence as of 2006 | 0.0004*** |
| (0.00001) | |
| Race/Ethnicity (ref.=White non Hispanic) | |
| Black or African American | 0.029*** |
| (0.0003) | |
| Hispanic or Latinx | 0.018*** |
| (0.0003) | |
| Other race or ethnicity | 0.018*** |
| (0.0003) | |
| Number of Children | 0.002*** |
| (0.0002) | |
| Own | −0.004*** |
| (0.0002) | |
| Married | 0.001*** |
| (0.0002) | |
| Age (ref.=Less than 30) | |
| 30–39 | 0.003*** |
| (0.0003) | |
| 40–49 | 0.005*** |
| (0.0003) | |
| 50–59 | 0.005*** |
| (0.0004) | |
| 60+ | 0.002*** |
| (0.0004) | |
| Distance from CBD (km) | |
| −0.112*** | |
| 2000 Neighborhood Controls | (0.0011) |
| Moved | −0.248*** |
| (0.0010) | |
| College degree | 0.145*** |
| (0.0014) | |
| Poverty | −0.001*** |
| (0.00003) | |
| Median income ($ 000) | 0.0001*** |
| (0.000001) | |
| Median rent | 0.0002*** |
| (0.000001) | |
| Median house value ($ 000) | 0.035*** |
| (0.0005) | |
| White non-Hispanic | −0.319*** |
| (0.0018) | |
| Vacant | 0.122*** |
| (0.0008) | |
| Own | −0.003*** |
| (0.000007) | |
| Constant | 0.223*** |
| (0.0011) | |
| N | 10,779,622 |
| Pseudo R-sq | 0.06 |
| MSA Fixed Effects | Yes |
| Clustered Standard Error at Tract Level | Yes |
| ADI National Rank | ADI State Rank | |
|---|---|---|
| Gentrifying Tract (ref.= Gentrifiable Not Gentrifying) | −8.97*** | −11.18*** |
| (0.0170) | (0.0214) | |
| Period (ref.= 2006) | −3.397*** | −4.278*** |
| (0.0176) | (0.0221) | |
| Gentrifying Tract*Period | 3.104*** | 3.952*** |
| 3.104*** | 3.952*** | |
| Moved during period | 0.258*** | 0.434*** |
| (0.0224) | (0.0282) | |
| Length of residence as of 2006 | 0.024*** | 0.021*** |
| (0.0007) | (0.0008) | |
| Race/Ethnicity (ref.=White non Hispanic) | ||
| Black or African American | 4.751*** | 6.165*** |
| (0.0154) | (0.0194) | |
| Hispanic or Latinx | 1.921*** | 2.692*** |
| (0.0155) | (0.0195) | |
| Other race or ethnicity | 0.633*** | 0.586*** |
| (0.0151) | (0.0190) | |
| Number of Children | 0.153*** | 0.148*** |
| (0.0102) | (0.0128) | |
| Own | −1.966*** | −2.134*** |
| (0.0127) | (0.0159) | |
| Married | −1.646*** | −1.905*** |
| (0.0107) | (0.0135) | |
| Age (ref.=Less than 30) | ||
| 30–39 | 0.114*** | 0.166*** |
| (0.0207) | (0.0260) | |
| 40–49 | 0.751*** | 1.030*** |
| (0.0206) | (0.0259) | |
| 50–59 | 0.964*** | 1.279*** |
| (0.0217) | (0.0273) | |
| 60+ | 1.254*** | 1.652*** |
| (0.0234) | (0.0294) | |
| Distance from CBD (km) | ||
| 15.77*** | 22.72*** | |
| 2000 Neighborhood Controls | (0.0677) | (0.0851) |
| Moved | −39.18*** | −51.25*** |
| (0.0578) | (0.0728) | |
| College degree | −2.518*** | −5.231*** |
| (0.0865) | (0.1091) | |
| Poverty | −0.441*** | −0.544*** |
| (0.00152) | (0.0019) | |
| Median income ($ 000) | 0.007*** | 0.007*** |
| (0.0001) | (0.0001) | |
| Median rent | −0.020*** | −0.029*** |
| (0.0001) | (0.0001) | |
| Median house value ($ 000) | −8.140*** | −11.67*** |
| (0.0269) | (0.0338) | |
| White non-Hispanic | −0.018 | −6.691*** |
| (0.1082) | (0.1361) | |
| Vacant | 29.25*** | 35.89*** |
| (0.0484) | (0.0609) | |
| Own | 0.057*** | 0.0914*** |
| (0.0004) | (0.0005) | |
| Constant | 61.62*** | 74.79*** |
| (0.0682) | (0.0858) | |
| N | 10,651,860 | 10,651,860 |
| R-sq | 0.29 | 0.30 |
| MSA Fixed Effects | Yes | Yes |
| Clustered Standard Error at Tract Level | Yes | Yes |
| Nitrogen Dioxide | PM10 | PM2.5 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gentrifying Tract (ref.= Gentrifiable Not Gentrifying) | 0.611*** | 0.568*** | 0.126*** |
| (0.0023) | (0.0031) | (0.000908) | |
| Period (ref.= 2006) | −4.870*** | −4.103*** | −3.264*** |
| (0.0024) | (0.0032) | (0.0009) | |
| Gentrifying Tract*Period | −0.784*** | −1.020*** | −0.193*** |
| (0.0026) | (0.0036) | (0.0010) | |
| Moved during period | 0.069*** | 0.010* | −0.008*** |
| (0.0030) | (0.0041) | (0.0012) | |
| Length of residence as of 2006 | 0.007*** | 0.002*** | 0.003*** |
| (0.0001) | (0.0001) | (0.00004) | |
| Race/Ethnicity (ref.=White non Hispanic) | |||
| Black or African American | −0.086*** | −0.014*** | 0.059*** |
| (0.0021) | (0.0028) | (0.0008) | |
| Hispanic or Latinx | 0.383*** | −0.067*** | 0.088*** |
| (0.0021) | (0.0029) | (0.0008) | |
| Other race or ethnicity | 0.064*** | 0.167*** | 0.030*** |
| (0.0020) | (0.0028) | (0.0008) | |
| Number of Children | −0.028*** | 0.009*** | 0.003*** |
| (0.0014) | (0.0019) | (0.0005) | |
| Own | −0.135*** | −0.009*** | 0.018*** |
| (0.0017) | (0.0023) | (0.0007) | |
| Married | −0.085*** | −0.011*** | −0.008*** |
| (0.0014) | (0.0020) | (0.0006) | |
| Age (ref.=Less than 30) | |||
| 30–39 | 0.017*** | 0.044*** | 0.011*** |
| (0.0028) | (0.0038) | (0.0011) | |
| 40–49 | 0.042*** | 0.017*** | 0.004*** |
| (0.0028) | (0.0038) | (0.0011) | |
| 50–59 | 0.043*** | 0.003 | −0.005*** |
| (0.0029) | (0.0040) | (0.0012) | |
| 60+ | −0.001 | −0.011** | −0.024*** |
| (0.0031) | (0.0043) | (0.0012) | |
| Distance from CBD (km) | |||
| −0.188*** | 0.613*** | −0.0364*** | |
| 2000 Neighborhood Controls | (0.0091) | (0.0124) | (0.0036) |
| Moved | −1.682*** | −2.041*** | −0.872*** |
| (0.0077) | (0.0105) | (0.0031) | |
| College degree | 1.808*** | 0.867*** | 0.837*** |
| (0.0116) | (0.0158) | (0.0046) | |
| Poverty | 0.033*** | −0.009*** | 0.006*** |
| (0.0002) | (0.0003) | (0.0001) | |
| Median income ($ 000) | −0.0004*** | 0.0010*** | 0.0001*** |
| (0.000009) | (0.00001) | (0.000004) | |
| Median rent | −0.001*** | 0.001*** | −0.0001*** |
| (0.00001) | (0.00001) | (0.000003) | |
| Median house value ($ 000) | 0.057*** | 0.486*** | 0.024*** |
| (0.0036) | (0.0050) | (0.0014) | |
| White non-Hispanic | 1.975*** | 0.408*** | −0.084*** |
| (0.0145) | (0.0197) | (0.0057) | |
| Vacant | −1.936*** | 1.144*** | 0.399*** |
| (0.0065) | (0.0088) | (0.0026) | |
| Own | −0.099*** | −0.032*** | −0.022*** |
| (0.00007) | (0.00009) | (0.00002) | |
| Constant | 17.93*** | 22.77*** | 12.05*** |
| (0.0091) | (0.0124) | (0.0036) | |
| N | 10,777,539 | 10,777,539 | 10,777,539 |
| R-sq | 0.67 | 0.41 | 0.81 |
| MSA Fixed Effects | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Clustered Standard Error at Tract Level | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| National Walkability Index | |
|---|---|
| Gentrifying Tract (ref.= Gentrifiable Not Gentrifying) | 1.330*** |
| (0.0136) | |
| Period (ref.= 2006) | −1.522*** |
| (0.0141) | |
| Gentrifying Tract*Period | −1.895*** |
| (0.0235) | |
| Moved during period | −0.681*** |
| (0.0179) | |
| Length of residence as of 2006 | −0.002*** |
| (0.0005) | |
| Race/Ethnicity (ref.=White non Hispanic) | |
| Black or African American | −0.522*** |
| (0.0123) | |
| Hispanic or Latinx | 0.783*** |
| (0.0125) | |
| Other race or ethnicity | 0.878*** |
| (0.0121) | |
| Number of Children | −0.013 |
| (0.0082) | |
| Own | −0.340*** |
| (0.0102) | |
| Married | −0.528*** |
| (0.0086) | |
| Age (ref.=Less than 30) | |
| 30–39 | 0.613*** |
| (0.0165) | |
| 40–49 | 0.883*** |
| (0.0165) | |
| 50–59 | 0.969*** |
| (0.0173) | |
| 60+ | 0.807*** |
| (0.0187) | |
| Distance from CBD (km) | |
| 4.820*** | |
| 2000 Neighborhood Controls | (0.0539) |
| Moved | 5.548*** |
| (0.0459) | |
| College degree | 3.697*** |
| (0.0688) | |
| Poverty | 0.043*** |
| (0.0012) | |
| Median income ($ 000) | −0.002*** |
| (0.0001) | |
| Median rent | −0.001*** |
| (0.0001) | |
| Median house value ($ 000) | 2.519*** |
| (0.0216) | |
| White non-Hispanic | 22.01*** |
| (0.0857) | |
| Vacant | −3.127*** |
| (0.0384) | |
| Own | −0.382*** |
| (0.0004) | |
| Constant | 65.23*** |
| (0.0543) | |
| N | 10,779,187 |
| R-sq | 0.27 |
| MSA Fixed Effects | Yes |
| Clustered Standard Error at Tract Level | Yes |