Table 3.
The value of the likelihood ratio test of the mixed-effects model comparing the overall TD versus DS frequency developmental trajectories with and without accounting for the physical characteristics of the DS phenotype as specified in the text.
|
values for differences between DS and TD speaker groups
|
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted for age and sex only |
Adjusted for age, sex, and physical characteristics |
|||||||
| Frequency | /i/ | /u/ | /æ/ | /ɑ/ | /i/ | /u/ | /æ/ | /ɑ/ |
| f o | .0000 | .0000 | .0007 | .0009 | .0030 | .0006 | .0118 | .0036 |
| F1 | .0000 | .0002 | .0000 | .0044 | .0000 | .0079 | .0000 | .0085 |
| F2 | .0326 | .0000 | .0000 | .0000 | .0111 | .0000 | .0000 | .0000 |
| F3 | .0366 | .4931 | .0056 | .0001 | .1283 | .3517 | .0205 | .0001 |
| F4 | .0024 | .1561 | .1792 | .1223 | .0226 | .0550 | .1486 | .0547 |
Note. p values smaller than the Bonferroni-corrected significance value of .0025 are shown in bold. TD = typically developing; DS = Down syndrome; f o = fundamental frequency.