Table 5.
Acoustic vowel space area (VSA; Hz2) per age-cohort.
| Age cohort | Speaker sex | DS | TD | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prepubertal | F | 642891.9 | 987812.1 | .0013 |
| M | 555040.9 | 935368.3 | .0029 | |
| Peripubertal | F | 612018.7 | 829709.2 | .0016 |
| M | 633565.4 | 732428.1 | .3237 | |
| Pubertal | F | 441638.4 | 641909.2 | .0003 |
| M | 415498.8 | 586681.2 | .0525 | |
| Postpubertal | F | 437545.4 | 573960.2 | .0055 |
| M | 356716.5 | 366827.5 | .9267 | |
| Adults | F | 472906.1 | 636989.0 | .0005 |
| M | 387617.2 | 364886.9 | .6074 |
Note. Pairs of DS and TD groups were examined using the mixed-effects model. VSA values that are significantly different (Bonferroni-corrected p < .005) are shown in bold. DS = Down syndrome; TD = typically developing; F = female; M = male.