| DS | TD | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prepubertal | /i/ | /u/ | /æ/ | /ɑ/ | /i/ | /u/ | /æ/ | /ɑ/ | |||||||||
| M | (SD) | M | (SD) | M | (SD) | M | (SD) | M | (SD) | M | (SD) | M | (SD) | M | (SD) | ||
| f o | F | 287.93 | (28.56) | 276.24 | (35.63) | 270.90 | (27.84) | 271.80 | (23.89) | 250.79 | (24.97) | 235.83 | (24.85) | 239.19 | (14.72) | 237.15 | (19.28) |
| M | 274.56 | (37.34) | 268.42 | (36.47) | 260.85 | (35.26) | 254.43 | (41.46) | 250.12 | (37.34) | 234.12 | (32.11) | 238.09 | (29.54) | 239.17 | (34.80) | |
| F1 | F | 485.95 | (83.90) | 520.49 | (83.07) | 1022.35 | (167.50) | 1089.88 | (132.25) | 405.93 | (55.02) | 454.28 | (69.30) | 1008.79 | (155.80) | 1210.46 | (99.36) |
| M | 472.90 | (83.48) | 469.55 | (64.63) | 992.13 | (130.02) | 1096.71 | (147.22) | 397.94 | (45.94) | 430.75 | (54.53) | 957.75 | (131.44) | 1146.54 | (153.17) | |
| F2 | F | 3316.06 | (149.82) | 1405.14 | (182.10) | 2437.32 | (201.91) | 2029.65 | (123.60) | 3487.59 | (230.43) | 1321.07 | (119.02) | 2620.19 | (214.07) | 1839.58 | (198.73) |
| M | 3130.43 | (209.52) | 1479.13 | (244.15) | 2246.85 | (157.19) | 1972.88 | (193.12) | 3350.12 | (182.74) | 1201.77 | (175.32) | 2521.97 | (219.92) | 1732.86 | (198.15) | |
| F3 | F | 3992.45 | (199.55) | 3558.38 | (161.73) | 3857.95 | (275.91) | 3637.23 | (415.72) | 4192.12 | (331.45) | 3614.07 | (305.70) | 3713.52 | (248.34) | 3509.67 | (294.54) |
| M | 3889.25 | (223.46) | 3620.98 | (215.70) | 3755.86 | (267.36) | 3667.42 | (417.75) | 4017.05 | (280.24) | 3456.09 | (287.40) | 3625.48 | (261.25) | 3366.96 | (288.50) | |
| F4 | F | 5176.23 | (218.65) | 4829.42 | (198.03) | 4970.61 | (338.40) | 4728.43 | (194.09) | 5184.88 | (378.18) | 4799.06 | (426.00) | 4970.57 | (371.90) | 4625.33 | (329.53) |
| M | 4962.83 | (316.67) | 4664.98 | (265.51) | 4837.16 | (242.42) | 4662.43 | (300.81) | 5032.13 | (351.49) | 4616.61 | (309.56) | 4730.68 | (311.03) | 4459.43 | (295.38) | |
| Peripubertal | /i/ | /u/ | /æ/ | /ɑ/ | /i/ | /u/ | /æ/ | /ɑ/ | |||||||||
| M | (SD) | M | (SD) | M | (SD) | M | (SD) | M | (SD) | M | (SD) | M | (SD) | M | (SD) | ||
| f o | F | 251.51 | (35.55) | 236.37 | (30.47) | 237.18 | (37.29) | 235.65 | (27.07) | 230.37 | (9.91) | 216.04 | (15.49) | 222.92 | (15.92) | 216.83 | (13.99) |
| M | 243.84 | (27.04) | 223.15 | (29.51) | 213.17 | (36.98) | 227.96 | (25.75) | 231.23 | (21.49) | 222.56 | (25.99) | 222.42 | (22.58) | 222.44 | (21.06) | |
| F1 | F | 435.50 | (43.97) | 438.06 | (75.50) | 944.14 | (123.49) | 1076.34 | (119.52) | 398.75 | (29.71) | 432.72 | (35.65) | 987.75 | (111.87) | 1152.32 | (104.44) |
| M | 419.90 | (66.61) | 391.59 | (91.23) | 964.96 | (180.42) | 1024.62 | (125.30) | 378.06 | (45.95) | 399.56 | (35.38) | 919.70 | (113.55) | 1028.45 | (83.30) | |
| F2 | F | 3149.05 | (142.01) | 1401.36 | (204.56) | 2326.52 | (192.00) | 1870.90 | (156.03) | 3254.26 | (216.86) | 1274.06 | (108.88) | 2336.23 | (152.32) | 1712.71 | (163.50) |
| M | 2967.81 | (223.13) | 1397.64 | (326.52) | 2241.13 | (223.22) | 1698.38 | (197.36) | 3068.71 | (193.80) | 1147.44 | (144.59) | 2158.60 | (151.46) | 1566.53 | (84.53) | |
| F3 | F | 3712.00 | (170.31) | 3311.01 | (215.04) | 3484.32 | (132.29) | 3390.04 | (253.76) | 3912.62 | (295.75) | 3266.26 | (180.27) | 3381.77 | (211.40) | 3269.11 | (181.60) |
| M | 3689.79 | (203.57) | 3330.40 | (267.26) | 3548.51 | (313.82) | 3349.91 | (343.30) | 3640.00 | (204.68) | 3137.21 | (172.94) | 3232.56 | (143.72) | 3088.67 | (275.04) | |
| F4 | F | 4757.37 | (206.29) | 4467.18 | (170.74) | 4478.29 | (234.25) | 4327.69 | (259.92) | 4823.37 | (280.44) | 4483.78 | (321.08) | 4575.84 | (296.19) | 4371.13 | (206.11) |
| M | 4766.75 | (359.39) | 4362.18 | (296.89) | 4636.58 | (335.73) | 4375.14 | (266.94) | 4578.56 | (212.15) | 4339.34 | (209.38) | 4323.60 | (208.84) | 4199.44 | (277.11) | |
| Pubertal | /i/ | /u/ | /æ/ | /ɑ/ | /i/ | /u/ | /æ/ | /ɑ/ | |||||||||
| M | (SD) | M | (SD) | M | (SD) | M | (SD) | M | (SD) | M | (SD) | M | (SD) | M | (SD) | ||
| f o | F | 228.27 | (33.44) | 220.86 | (26.15) | 220.88 | (20.57) | 218.82 | (26.47) | 222.05 | (23.09) | 220.76 | (22.85) | 215.68 | (24.05) | 214.96 | (24.43) |
| M | 177.93 | (56.47) | 170.73 | (48.98) | 169.22 | (53.05) | 166.86 | (52.36) | 195.40 | (47.45) | 187.62 | (46.96) | 187.90 | (45.49) | 190.34 | (49.48) | |
| F1 | F | 405.64 | (51.86) | 423.68 | (69.28) | 832.98 | (155.36) | 910.61 | (111.10) | 376.31 | (45.18) | 401.42 | (55.97) | 924.55 | (89.62) | 1041.24 | (82.76) |
| M | 370.19 | (41.42) | 379.71 | (46.32) | 771.66 | (127.07) | 841.53 | (139.21) | 347.36 | (54.54) | 359.34 | (49.67) | 826.23 | (122.26) | 940.15 | (126.49) | |
| F2 | F | 2778.63 | (333.16) | 1304.01 | (180.04) | 2090.43 | (219.79) | 1585.17 | (137.87) | 2923.11 | (199.06) | 1229.12 | (148.79) | 2115.68 | (161.41) | 1609.45 | (152.05) |
| M | 2626.56 | (365.00) | 1227.76 | (185.93) | 2004.23 | (334.73) | 1512.78 | (252.30) | 2757.28 | (255.00) | 1088.72 | (123.78) | 2008.89 | (192.32) | 1465.67 | (144.85) | |
| F3 | F | 3371.61 | (373.36) | 2832.64 | (255.23) | 2988.27 | (244.36) | 2793.27 | (315.64) | 3527.65 | (253.43) | 2957.52 | (233.93) | 3121.02 | (178.36) | 3056.55 | (232.33) |
| M | 3232.55 | (399.37) | 2881.10 | (525.09) | 3101.08 | (417.70) | 2858.14 | (417.97) | 3369.41 | (285.38) | 2778.28 | (282.33) | 2946.10 | (246.93) | 2800.59 | (214.19) | |
| F4 | F | 4432.69 | (467.69) | 3993.02 | (400.55) | 4104.04 | (266.82) | 3989.14 | (245.82) | 4414.59 | (289.80) | 4114.01 | (336.77) | 4267.26 | (232.83) | 4122.61 | (222.37) |
| M | 4208.64 | (434.04) | 3937.04 | (444.62) | 4133.44 | (478.17) | 3984.66 | (369.91) | 4262.56 | (331.07) | 3987.10 | (378.19) | 4070.87 | (268.38) | 3960.70 | (292.95) | |
| Postpubertal | /i/ | /u/ | /æ/ | /ɑ/ | /i/ | /u/ | /æ/ | /ɑ/ | |||||||||
| M | (SD) | M | (SD) | M | (SD) | M | (SD) | M | (SD) | M | (SD) | M | (SD) | M | (SD) | ||
| f o | F | 215.24 | (22.99) | 211.52 | (25.99) | 213.44 | (31.57) | 207.34 | (25.13) | 213.30 | (21.26) | 215.62 | (19.31) | 211.79 | (20.51) | 207.83 | (21.91) |
| M | 143.48 | (28.50) | 137.37 | (27.53) | 134.01 | (25.49) | 136.67 | (28.90) | 105.21 | (20.48) | 105.20 | (21.70) | 101.25 | (21.16) | 102.18 | (21.60) | |
| F1 | F | 380.85 | (27.23) | 414.32 | (48.87) | 829.75 | (144.55) | 973.80 | (114.62) | 356.94 | (32.62) | 380.04 | (41.96) | 871.66 | (64.43) | 972.37 | (69.95) |
| M | 305.44 | (50.06) | 313.21 | (49.67) | 687.57 | (111.99) | 764.89 | (125.43) | 274.03 | (27.25) | 316.48 | (34.86) | 684.39 | (57.01) | 767.26 | (65.23) | |
| F2 | F | 2669.74 | (275.34) | 1310.36 | (216.46) | 2020.82 | (157.71) | 1601.86 | (187.38) | 2789.25 | (166.50) | 1193.66 | (165.54) | 2011.11 | (128.02) | 1502.76 | (95.92) |
| M | 2352.41 | (257.86) | 1064.46 | (124.58) | 1791.79 | (205.65) | 1378.73 | (168.28) | 2289.90 | (189.31) | 1021.64 | (120.91) | 1701.83 | (122.30) | 1239.86 | (89.04) | |
| F3 | F | 3265.62 | (332.39) | 2748.14 | (273.87) | 2957.78 | (268.63) | 2715.60 | (285.79) | 3360.65 | (220.00) | 2749.70 | (138.50) | 2928.28 | (157.47) | 2829.59 | (159.49) |
| M | 2945.00 | (254.08) | 2400.98 | (211.76) | 2611.45 | (218.46) | 2450.21 | (247.59) | 2959.85 | (218.42) | 2368.70 | (158.83) | 2564.89 | (129.01) | 2570.92 | (165.52) | |
| F4 | F | 4213.58 | (414.89) | 3735.10 | (282.56) | 4034.78 | (286.59) | 3950.36 | (255.33) | 4242.77 | (265.62) | 3948.86 | (262.22) | 4159.10 | (218.64) | 3966.19 | (189.51) |
| M | 3799.80 | (309.09) | 3473.87 | (267.33) | 3738.24 | (215.54) | 3658.98 | (241.96) | 3566.47 | (239.61) | 3355.57 | (243.43) | 3635.50 | (240.78) | 3575.67 | (186.34) | |
| Adults | /i/ | /u/ | /æ/ | /ɑ/ | /i/ | /u/ | /æ/ | /ɑ/ | |||||||||
| M | (SD) | M | (SD) | M | (SD) | M | (SD) | M | (SD) | M | (SD) | M | (SD) | M | (SD) | ||
| f o | F | 211.14 | (28.02) | 198.50 | (23.50) | 200.25 | (18.16) | 197.13 | (21.95) | 193.07 | (28.35) | 192.34 | (28.99) | 181.92 | (29.61) | 180.39 | (28.68) |
| M | 146.15 | (25.67) | 143.15 | (22.75) | 137.66 | (24.55) | 135.63 | (24.63) | 114.55 | (18.87) | 115.50 | (19.14) | 109.69 | (19.07) | 108.27 | (17.8) | |
| F1 | F | 371.12 | (44.71) | 398.96 | (42.62) | 748.19 | (115.42) | 962.06 | (109.69) | 340.84 | (40.13) | 352.21 | (39.92) | 800.14 | (101.25) | 977.07 | (98.87) |
| M | 311.16 | (46.48) | 321.28 | (49.07) | 679.56 | (78.42) | 806.30 | (113.77) | 278.85 | (23.96) | 310.02 | (30.93) | 637.54 | (52.57) | 773.03 | (70.34) | |
| F2 | F | 2654.71 | (258.10) | 1151.93 | (169.08) | 2065.27 | (145.91) | 1553.02 | (127.92) | 2770.05 | (175.27) | 1056.56 | (123.00) | 2117.72 | (173.02) | 1484.25 | (115.02) |
| M | 2442.35 | (714.49) | 1065.66 | (153.21) | 1825.75 | (144.50) | 1385.67 | (174.04) | 2261.91 | (156.74) | 940.95 | (109.74) | 1752.73 | (125.59) | 1291.83 | (77.60) | |
| F3 | F | 3269.53 | (266.28) | 2728.45 | (261.52) | 2961.93 | (212.98) | 2765.57 | (268.86) | 3350.72 | (202.87) | 2751.47 | (173.11) | 2943.98 | (158.22) | 2830.57 | (183.48) |
| M | 2895.11 | (221.62) | 2473.85 | (183.78) | 2606.12 | (134.56) | 2512.67 | (168.85) | 2902.03 | (157.88) | 2325.81 | (149.81) | 2513.65 | (137.88) | 2546.28 | (143.69) | |
| F4 | F | 4250.44 | (339.06) | 3853.15 | (344.49) | 4078.75 | (268.14) | 3938.86 | (283.27) | 4191.41 | (253.38) | 3869.40 | (251.56) | 4107.42 | (258.44) | 3908.52 | (281.99) |
| M | 3734.37 | (252.31) | 3418.86 | (223.11) | 3621.09 | (270.32) | 3582.63 | (213.72) | 3583.99 | (211.61) | 3266.38 | (215.82) | 3515.15 | (232.54) | 3516.50 | (194.33) | |
Note. DS = Down syndrome; TD = typically developing; f o = fundamental frequency; F = female; M = male.