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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 May 16.
Published in final edited form as: Nephrol Nurs J. 2015 Jul-Aug;42(4):339–348.

Table 2.

Outcomes of the Selected Studies

Author (Published year) Anxiety Outcomes Other Outcomes
Choi (1996) State anxiety was decreased, but not statistically significant (p = 0.36). Depression: Not significantly changed.
Lim (2004) State anxiety was significantly decreased (p = 0.008). Depression: Significantly decreased.
Chung (2004) State anxiety was significantly decreased (p = 0.001). Depression: Significantly decreased.
Perceived psychological stress: Significantly decreased.
Immune function (Number of total B and T lymphocytes, subtypes of T lymphocytes (CD4+ and CD 8+), and the ratio between CD4+ and CD8+): B lymphocytes were significantly increased. Others were not significantly changed; Vital signs: Systolic blood pressure: Decreased, but not statistically significant. Diastolic blood pressure: Significantly decreased. Pulse and respiratory rates: Not significantly changed.
Kim, Lee, & Sok (2006) State anxiety was significantly decreased (p = 0.002). Depression: Significantly decreased.
Pothoulaki et al. (2008) State anxiety was significantly decreased (p < 0.005). Pain: Not significantly changed.
Blood pressure: Not significantly changed.
Pyo (2011) Anxiety decreased (p = 0.007). Depression: Significantly decreased.
Boredom: Significantly decreased.
Cantekin & Tan (2013) Both state and trait anxiety levels decreased (p < 0.01). Perceived psychological stress: Significantly decreased.