Table 1.
Description of reports and characteristics of included samples
| References | Country | Type of analysis | Group | N randomized | Percent female | Age (years), mean (SD) | Disease duration (years), mean (SD) | LEDD (mg), mean (SD) | Occurrence of freezing, % Freezers, and/or FOGQ or NFOGQ, mean (SD) | H&Y, mean (SD) | Cognitive function, Test: mean (SD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Conradsson et al. [38] (2015) | Sweden | Per protocol | Intervention | 51 | 40.4 | 72.9 (6.0) | 6.0 (5.1) | 581 (295) | NI | 2.6 (0.5) | NI |
| Control | 49 | 48.9 | 73.6 (5.3) | 5.6 (5.0) | 645 (404) | NI | 2.6 (0.5) | NI | |||
| Geroin et al. (2018) [45] | Belgium/The Netherlands | Intention to treat | Intervention | 56 | 30.4 | 65.8 (9.19) | 8.4 (5.3) | 613 (396) | 60.7 | 2.3 (0.5) | MMSE: 28.0 (1.5) |
| Control | 65 | 24.6 | 66.05 (9.3) | 8.9 (5.3) | 752 (453) | 52.3 | 2.3 (0.5) | MMSE: 27.9 (1.7) | |||
| Hasegawa et al. [37] (2020) | United States | Per protocol | Intervention | 47 | 31.8 | 67.7 (6.7) | 6.2 (4.4) | NI | 52.3 | 2.1 (0.4) | MoCA: 26.5 (2.9) |
| Control | 46 | 33.3 | 70.0 (8.2) | 6.7 (5.5) | NI | 45.2 | 2.4 (0.8) | MoCA: 24.6 (3.9) | |||
| Johansson et al. [49] (2020) | Sweden | Per protocol | Intervention | 7 | 14.3 | 70.9 (6.2) | 9.0 (3.5) | *700 (233) | NI | 2.3 (0.5) | MoCA: 27.3 (1.5) |
| Control | 6 | 50.0 | 67.3 (2.8) | 6.8 (2.7) | *766 (322) | NI | 2.5 (0.5) | MoCA: 27.7 (2.5) | |||
| Jung et al. [36] (2020) | United States | Per protocol | Intervention | 47 | 31.8 | 67.7 (6.7) | 6.2 (4.4) | NI |
52.3 NFOGQ: 6.7 (7.9) |
2.1 (0.4) | SCOPA-cog: 28.8 (4.8) |
| Control | 46 | 33.3 | 70.0 (8.2) | 6.7 (5.5) | NI |
42.5 NFOGQ: 5.2 (7.4) |
2.4 (0.8) | SCOPA-cog: 27.5 (4.9) | |||
| King et al. [35] (2020) | United States | Per protocol | Intervention | 25 | NI | 68.2 (5.2) | 7.3 (4.3) | NI | 100 | 2.4 (0.7) | MoCA: 26.6 (3.0) |
| Control | 21 | NI | 69.1 (9.5) | 9.7 (6.0) | NI | 100 | 2.6 (0.9) | MoCA: 24.3 (4.2) | |||
| Lofgren et al. [50, 54] (2019) | Sweden | Per protocol | Intervention | 51 | 40.0 | 72.5 (5.8) | 5.8 (4.7) | 592 (287) | NI | 2.6 (0.5) | NI |
| Control | 49 | 50.0 | 73.5 (5.6) | 5.4 (4.7) | 640 (422) | NI | 2.6 (0.5) | NI | |||
| Maidan et al. [33] (2018) | Israel | Intention to treat | Intervention | 30 | 26.7 | 70.1 (7.1) | 8.9 (6.0) | 833 (102) | NI | NI | MMSE: 28.2 (1.6) |
| Control | 34 | 32.4 | 73.1 (6.4) | 9.7 (5.8) | 1186 (238) | NI | NI | MMSE: 28.3 (1.8) | |||
| Pohl et al. [47] (2020) | Sweden | Per protocol | Intervention | 28 | 26.9 | 69.7 (7.0) | 6.0 (4.4) | 728 (327) | FOGQ: 6.0 (4.3) | 2.4 (0.7) | MoCA: 25.5 (2.8) |
| Control | 23 | 35.0 | 70.4 (6.0) | 6.8 (3.6) | 690 (231) | FOGQ: 5.2 (4.3) | 2.3 (0.7) | MoCA: 25.0 (3.3) | |||
| Pompeu et al. [34] (2012) | Brazil | Intention to treat | Intervention | 16 | NI | 68.6 (8.0) | 4.7 (5.4) | NI | NI | NI | MMSE: 26.4 (2.2) |
| Control | 16 | NI | 66.2 (8.3) | 5.2 (3.4) | NI | NI | NI | MMSE: 27.3 (2.6) | |||
| Rosenfeldt et al. [51] (2019) | United States | Per protocol | Intervention | 10 | 10 | 59.0 (9.0) | 8 (4.12)* | ***437.5 (405–916.3) | NI | 2.4 (0.5) | NI |
| Control | 11 | 50 | 65.0 (8.0) | 4 (3.6)* | ***550 (412.5–756.5) | NI | 2.2 (0.4) | NI | |||
| San Martín Valenzuela et al. [52] (2020) | Spain | Per protocol | Intervention | 24 | 52.2 | 66.4 (7.1) | 6.3 (6.0) | NI | NI | 2.6 (0.6) | NI |
| Control | 23 | 29.4 | 64.8 (8.8) | 5.3 (3.8) | NI | NI | 2.5 (0.7) | NI | |||
| Strouwen et al. [40] (2017) | Belgium/The Netherlands | Intention to treat | Intervention | 56 | 30.4 | 65.8 (9.19) | 8.4 (5.3) | 613 (396) | 60.7 | 2.3 (0.5) | MMSE: 28.0 (1.5) |
| Control | 65 | 24.6 | 66.05 (9.3) | 8.9 (5.3) | 752 (453) | 52.3 | 2.3 (0.5) | MMSE: 27.9 (1.7) | |||
| Strouwen et al. [46] (2019) | Belgium/The Netherlands | Intention to treat | Intervention | 56 | 30.4 | 65.8 (9.19) | 8.4 (5.3) | 613 (396) |
60.7 NFOGQ: 2.0 (0.0–14.0)* |
2.3 (0.5) | MMSE: 28.0 (1.5) |
| Control | 65 | 24.6 | 66.05 (9.3) | 8.9 (5.3) | *710 (427.50–931.67) |
52.3 NFOGQ: 0.0 (0.0–13.0)* |
2.3 (0.5) | MMSE; 27.9 (1.7) | |||
| Wallen et al. [39] (2018) | Sweden | Intention to treat | Intervention | 51 | 37.3 | 73.1 (5.8) | 5.9 (5.1) | 578 (299) | NI | 2.5 (0.5) | MMSE: 28.0 (1.5) |
| Control | 49 | 49.0 | 73.0 (5.5) | 5.6 (4.8) | 640 (380) | NI | 2.6 (0.5) | MMSE: 28.0 (1.8) | |||
| Yang et al. [48] (2019) | Taiwan | Intention to treat | Intervention | 6 | 33.3 | 66.7 (10.9) | 6.7 (3.7) | **892 (432–1308) | FOGQ: 8.5 (2.3–11.7)** | 2.1 (0.5) | MMSE: 27.0 (25.9–28.1)** |
| Control 1a | 6 | 33.3 | 71.0 (6.5) | 6.3 (5.9) | **798 (535–1074) | FOGQ: 13.0 (2.3–19.4)** | 2.3 (0.4) | MMSE: 27.5 (25.1–28.9)** | |||
| Control 2b | 6 | 33.3 | 66.0 (12.5) | 5.2 (4.6) | **557 (208–1235) | FOGQ: 4.5 (0.0–9.3)** | 1.7 (0.7) | MMSE: 28.0 (27.1–28.9)** | |||
| Yen et al. [53] (2011) | Taiwan | Intention to treat | Intervention | 14 | 85.7 | 70.4 (6.5) | 6.0 (2.9) | NI | NI | 2.6 (0.5) | MMSE: 28.5 (1.6) |
| Controlc | 14 | 85.7 | 70.1 (6.9) | 6.1 (3.3) | NI | NI | 2.4 (0.5) | MMSE: 28.5 (1.2) | |||
| Control 2d | 14 | 64.3 | 71.6 (5.8) | 7.8 (4.2) | NI | NI | 2.6 (0.4) | MMSE: 28.1 (0.8) |
FOGQ Freezing of Gait Questionnaire, H&Y Hoehn and Yahr, LEDD Levodopa Equivalent Daily Dosage, MMSE Mini Mental State Examination, MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment, NFOGQ New Freezing of Gait Questionnaire, NI no information, SCOPA-cog Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson's Disease-COGnition
*Median (IQR); **Median (95% CI); ***Median (25th percentile, 75th percentile)
aMotor dual-task training
bGeneral gait training
cConventional balance training
dNo training