Table 2.
Description of interventions in included studies (associated reports listed below)
| References | Motor–cognitive intervention | Control intervention | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Description | Dose | Description | Dose | |
| Conradsson et al. [38] (2015)a | Highly challenging balance-training incorporating dual-tasking and PD-specific balance components. Performed in groups of 4–7 participants | 60 min, 3 times/week for 10 weeks | Care as usual | NA |
| Johansson et al. [49] (2020) |
Highly challenging balance-training incorporating dual-tasking and PD-specific balance components. Performed in groups of 4–7 participants + HEP (aerobic capacity (for example walking), leg and core strength exercises) |
60 min, 2 times/week for 10 weeks HEP: 60 min, once a week for 10 weeks |
Speech and communication therapy. Performed in groups of 4–7 participants + HEP (relaxation & breathing, voice & speech, and word & memory exercises) |
60 min, 2 times/week for 10 weeks HEP: 60 min, once a week for 10 weeks |
| Jung et al. [36] (2020)b | Circuit training involving (1) gait, (2) PWR! Moves©, (3) agility, (4) lunges, (5) boxing, and (6) adapted Tai Chi. Progression at three levels of difficulty by varying visual and surface condition (and other), and through adding cognitive secondary tasks | 80 min, 3 times/week for 6 weeks |
Education program focused on self-management of care team development, nutrition, mood, sleep, stress and medication + HEP (relaxation CD’s) |
80 min, 1 time/week for 6 weeks HEP: 30 min, 6 times/week for 6 weeks |
| Maidan et al. [33] (2018) | Treadmill training with virtual reality for an obstacle navigation task. Individual training | 45 min, 3 times/week for 6 weeks | Treadmill training. Individual training | 45 min, 3 times/week for 6 weeks |
| Pohl et al. [47] (2020) | Exercises typical for the Ronnie Gardiner Method (initiated with soft stretching and breathing exercises, followed by 50 min of exercises according to the Ronnie Gardiner Method, and ended with winding down). Performed in two groups of 12 and 14 participants respectively | 60 min, 2 times/week for 12 weeks | Care as usual | NA |
| Pompeu et al. [34], (2012) | Global exercises (10 min warm-up, 10 min of resistance exercises, and 10 min of exercises in diagonal patterns). Wii-based motor and cognitive training for 30 min. Individual training | 60 min (30 min global and 30 min Wii), 2 times/week for 7 weeks | Global exercises (10 min warm-up, 10 min of resistance exercises, and 10 min of exercises in diagonal patterns). Balance training mimicking the same movements and time required by each game in each trial, for 30 min. Individual training | 60 min (30 min global and 30 min balance), 2 times/week for 7 weeks |
| Rosenfeldt et al. [51] (2019) | Gait training and cognitive training performed simultaneously. During gait training, high velocity, high amplitude training principles with an external focus of attention was used. Cognitive training involved attention, memory, language, and executive function | 45 min, 3 times/week for 8 weeks | Gait training followed by cognitive training, each performed separately. Same training principles as explained in motor–cognitive intervention group | 45 min, 3 times/week for 8 weeks |
| San Martín Valenzuela et al. [52] (2020) | Dual-task program: 10 min warm-up, 45 min of dual-task gait training, and 5 min of cool-down. Performed in groups of max 10 participants | 60 min, 2 times/week for 10 weeks | Single task program: 10 min warm-up, 45 min of single-task gait training, and 5 min of cool-down. Performed in groups of max 10 participants | 60 min, 2 times/week for 10 weeks |
| Strouwen et al. [40] (2017)c |
Integrated task training; 30 min of concurrent practice of gait and cognitive exercises and 10 min of functional training with integrated dual-task practice. Individual training performed in the home + HEP |
40 min, 2 times/week for 6 weeks HEP: 30 min, 2 times/week for 6 weeks |
Consecutive task training; 15 min of gait training, 15 min of cognitive exercises and 10 min of functional practice. Individual training performed in the home + HEP |
40 min, 2 times/week for 6 weeks HEP: 30 min, 2 times/week for 6 weeks |
| Yang et al. [48] (2019) | Cognitive dual-task gait training | 30 min, 3 times/week for 4 weeks |
Control 1: Motor dual-task gait training (MDTT) Control 2: General gait training |
30 min, 3 times/week for 4 weeks |
| Yen et al. [53] (2011) | Virtual reality augmented balance training | 30 min, 2 times/week for 6 weeks |
Control 1: Conventional balance training Control 2: No training |
Control 1: 30 min, 2 times/week for 6 weeks Control 2: NA |