Table 2.
Overall risk of death (all-cause mortality) in all participants exposed to gastric acid suppressants (by drug type), expressed as standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), stratified by sex, age groups and indications for use
| PPI users | P for trend | H2RA users | P for trend | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of deaths | SMR (95% CI) | Number of deaths | SMR (95% CI) | |||
| Total | 159,422 | 1.35 (1.34–1.36) | 4054 | 1.31 (1.27–1.36) | ||
| Sex | ||||||
| Men | 70,226 | 1.43 (1.41–1.44) | 1635 | 1.23 (1.22–1.34) | ||
| Women | 89,196 | 1.30 (1.29–1.31) | 2419 | 1.34 (1.29–1.39) | ||
| Age, years | ||||||
| 20–39 | 989 | 5.33 (5.00–5.67) | < 0.001 | 21 | 6.63 (4.10–10.13) | < 0.001 |
| 40–49 | 2321 | 3.22 (3.09–3.36) | 46 | 3.09 (2.26–4.12) | ||
| 50–59 | 7000 | 2.27 (2.22–2.32) | 146 | 2.07 (1.74–2.43) | ||
| 60–69 | 18,884 | 1.70 (1.67–1.73) | 394 | 1.52 (1.37–1.67) | ||
| ≥ 70 | 130,228 | 1.27 (1.26–1.27) | 3447 | 1.26 (1.22–1.30) | ||
| Indications | ||||||
| Gastro-oesophageal reflux | 34,350 | 1.07 (1.06–1.08) | 391 | 1.28 (1.16–1.42) | ||
| Peptic ulcers | 28,343 | 1.98 (1.96–2.01) | 445 | 2.05 (1.87–2.25) | ||
| Gastroduodenitis | 23,657 | 1.39 (1.38–1.41) | 311 | 1.64 (1.47–1.84) | ||
| Dyspepsia | 23,657 | 1.39 (1.38–1.41) | 311 | 1.64 (1.47–1.84) | ||
| Helicobacter pylori infection & eradication | 9411 | 1.16 (1.14–1.19) | 83 | 0.95 (0.76–1.18) | ||
| NSAID use (> 180 days) | 61,902 | 1.17 (1.16–1.18) | 1742 | 1.22 (1.16–1.28) | ||
| Aspirin use (> 180 days) | 92,341 | 1.46 (1.45–1.47) | 2085 | 1.45 (1.39–1.51) | ||
| No Indication | 12,513 | 1.12 (1.10–1.14) | 401 | 0.93 (0.84–1.03) | ||
PPI proton pump inhibitor, H2RA histamine-2 receptor antagonists, NSAIDs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
aAge was modelled categorically to assess linear trend over age categories