Figure 5.

Control experiment for directionality: ccEPs extracted from left M1. These group-level responses were recorded in the runs in which spTMS was delivered to the right M1. (Left) The nonnormalized group-level time courses between the 14-millisecond, 9-millisecond, and 4-millisecond ccPAS asynchronies. (Right) The corresponding AUC results for 5-to 20-millisecond amplitude values (mean with SEM error bars, normalized relative to the Before values). Although the response amplitudes increased from Before to After[1]/After[2], they did so regardless of Asynchrony, which is not consistent with STDP mechanisms, suggesting that, as predicted, the STDP effects were unidirectional. [Color figure can be viewed at www.neuromodulationjournal.org]