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. 2023 May 3;17:1143109. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1143109

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Copyright © 2023 King, Reiber, Philippi, Stirling, Aulehner, Bankstahl, Bleich, Buchecker, Glasenapp, Jirkof, Miljanovic, Schönhoff, von Schumann, Leenaars and Potschka.

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Analgesics and local anesthetics administered perioperatively and preoperatively (k = 2244 studies). (A,B) Number of drugs (analgesics and local anesthetics) administered perioperatively in 2009 (A) and 2019 (B). (C,D) Drugs (analgesics and local anesthetics) administered preoperatively in 2009 (C) and 2019 (D). (E,F) Local anesthetics administered preoperatively in 2009 (E) and 2019 (F). Other = drugs used in up to four studies. (G,H) Analgesic antipyretic agents administered preoperatively in 2009 (G) and 2019 (H). Other = drugs used in up to seven studies. (I,J) Opioids administered preoperatively in 2009 (I) and 2019 (J). Other = drugs used in up to two studies. “Preoperatively” was defined as all timepoints before skin incision.