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. 2023 May 3;17:1143109. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1143109

TABLE 9.

Type of anesthesia reported in studies from 2009 (k = 100) and 2019 (k = 100) included in the subset of 200 studies.

References Species used Type of anesthesia Administration route Concentration (Vol. %) Dosage
(mg/kg)		 Administered how many times in total
Bartolomucci et al., 2009 Mice Ketamine/xylazine i.p. injection n.a. Ketamine 100
xylazine 5		 1
Behrend et al., 2009 Rats Ketamine/xylazine n.r. n.a. Ketamine 90
xylazine 10		 1
Biella et al., 2009 Rats Isoflurane/pentobarbital Isoflurane inhalation
pentobarbital injection		 Isoflurane 2,5 Pentobarbital 2,5 n.a.
Boni et al., 2009 Rats Pentobarbital i.p. injection n.a. 50 Once i.p. then
continuously i.v.
Bramlett et al., 2009 Rats Halothane Inhalation 0,5 to 1 n.a. n.a.
Byun et al., 2009 Mice Ether Inhalation n.r. n.a. n.a.
Caltana et al., 2009 Rats Sevoflurane Inhalation 8 n.a. n.a.
Carcak et al., 2009 Rats Ketamine/xylazine i.p. injection n.a. Ketamine 100
xylazine 10		 1
Cemil et al., 2009 Rats n.r. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Chen et al., 2009 Rats Chloral hydrate i.p. injection n.a. 300 1
Cifani et al., 2009 Rats Tiletamine/zolazepam i.m. injection n.a. Tiletamine 200
zolazepam 200		 1
Cunningham et al., 2009 Mice n.r. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Datta et al., 2009 Rats Pentobarbital i.p. injection n.a. 40 1
Diesch et al., 2009 Rats Halothane Inhalation 2 n.a. n.a.
Diguet et al., 2009 Rats Ketamine/xylazine i.p. injection n.a. Ketamine 75
xylazine 10		 1
Ding et al., 2009 Rats Isoflurane Inhalation 2 n.a. n.a.
Doan et al., 2009 Rats Isoflurane Inhalation 1 n.a. n.a.
Doretto et al., 2009 Rats Tribromoethanol i.p. injection n.a. n.r. 1
Dux et al., 2009 Rats Thiopental i.p. injection n.a. 150 n.r.
Echegoyen et al., 2009 Rats n.r. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Ehrlichman et al., 2009 Mice Isoflurane Inhalation n.r. n.a. n.a.
Etholm and Heggelund, 2009 Mice n.r. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Farias et al., 2009 Rats Isoflurane Inhalation 3 to 3,5 n.a. n.a.
Foti et al., 2009 Rats Pentobarbital i.p. injection n.a. 50 1
Francois et al., 2009 Rats Isoflurane Inhalation 2 to 5 n.a. n.a.
Francois et al., 2009 Rats Ketamine/xylazine i.p. injection n.a. Ketamine 37
xylazine 5,5		 1
Fritsch et al., 2009 Rats Ketamine/medetomidine i.p. injection n.a. Ketamine 60
medetomidine 0,5		 1
Good et al., 2009 Rats Ketamine/xylazine/
acepromazine		 i.m. injection n.a. Ketamine 50
xylazine 10
acepromazine 1		 20% booster of cocktail every 45 min or as needed
Griesbach et al., 2009 Rats Isoflurane Inhalation 2 to 4 n.a. n.a.
Guidine et al., 2009 Rats Halothane Inhalation 2 to 4 n.a. n.a.
Gurevicius et al., 2009 Mice Pentobarbital/chloral hydrate i.p. injection n.a. Pentobarbital 50
chloral hydrate 50		 1
Hart et al., 2009 Rats Ketamine/xylazine i.p. injection n.a. Ketamine 100
xylazine 20		 1
Harvey et al., 2009 Mice n.r. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Hernandez-Gonzalez et al., 2009 Rats Pentobarbital i.p. injection n.a. 35 1
Ho et al., 2009 Mice Tribromoethanol i.p. injection n.a. n.r. 1
Holtmaat et al., 2009 Mice Ketamine/xylazine i.p. injection n.a. Ketamine 100
xylazine 10		 1
Hrncic et al., 2009 Rats Pentobarbital i.p. injection n.a. 50 1
Huguet et al., 2009 Rats Ketamine/xylazine i.p. injection n.a. Ketamine 110
xylazine n.r.		 1
Ishida et al., 2009 Rats Pentobarbital i.p. injection n.a. 35 1
Ito et al., 2009 Mice Pentobarbital i.p. injection n.a. 35 1
Itoh et al., 2009b Rats Pentobarbital i.p. injection n.a. 50 1
Itoh et al., 2009a Rats Pentobarbital i.p. injection n.a. 50 1
Jafri et al., 2009 Rats Ketamine/xylazine i.p. injection n.a. Ketamine 40 to 80
xylazine 5 to 10		 1
Kalauzi et al., 2009 Rats Ketamine/xylazine i.p. injection n.a. Ketamine 80
xylazine 5		 1
Katz et al., 2009 Rats Isoflurane Inhalation 2 n.a. n.a.
Kim and Ong, 2009 Rats Ketamine/xylazine n.r. n.a. Ketamine n.r.
xylazine n.r.		 1
Lackovic et al., 2009 Rats Chloral hydrate i.p. injection n.a. 300 1
Lee et al., 2009 Mice Ketamine/xylazine n.r. n.a. Ketamine 120
xylazine 6		 1
Lee and Agoston, 2009 Rats Isoflurane Inhalation n.r. n.a. n.a.
Li et al., 2009 Rats Diethyl ether/pentobarbital Diethyl ether inhalation
pentobarbital injection		 Diethyl ether n.r. Pentobarbital 30 n.a.
Liu et al., 2009 Rats Ketamine/xylazine i.p. injection n.a. Ketamine 75
xylazine 10		 1
Lopez-Martin et al., 2009 Rats Pentobarbital i.p. injection n.a. 30 1
Lu et al., 2009 Rats Isoflurane Inhalation n.r. n.a. n.a.
Lundblad et al., 2009 Mice Pentobarbital/ketamine i.p. injection n.a. Pentobarbital 50
ketamine 50		 1
Magloire and Cattarelli, 2009 Rats Pentobarbital/chloral hydrate i.p. injection n.a. Pentobarbital n.r.
chloral hydrate n.r.		 1
Mark et al., 2009 Rats Ketamine/xylazine i.p. injection n.a. Ketamine 91
xylazine 9,1		 1
McCracken and Grace, 2009 Rats Urethane i.p. injection n.a. 1,5 1
Meeren et al., 2009 Rats Isoflurane Inhalation n.r. n.a. n.a.
Merkler et al., 2009 Mice Urethane/chloralose n.r. n.a. Urethane 1000
chloralose 400		 1
Merkler et al., 2009 Rats Isoflurane Inhalation n.r. n.a. n.a.
Mian et al., 2009 Rats n.r. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Mohammadi et al., 2009 Rats Urethane i.p. injection n.a. 1500 1
Mollazadeh et al., 2009 Rats n.r. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Mukherjee and Simasko, 2009 Rats Ketamine/xylazine n.r. n.a. Ketamine 87
xylazine 13		 1
Nehlig et al., 2009 Rats n.r. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Nuki et al., 2009 Mice Ketamine/xylazine i.p. injection n.a. Ketamine 100
xylazine 10		 1
Onyszchuk et al., 2009 Mice Isoflurane Inhalation 1 to 2,5 n.a. n.a.
Oshima et al., 2009 Mice Pentobarbital i.p. injection n.a. 60 1
Potts et al., 2009 Mice Tribromoethanol n.r. n.a. n.r. 1
Qing et al., 2009 Rats Chloral hydrate i.p. injection n.a. 300 to 350 1
Rahim et al., 2009 Rats Isoflurane Inhalation n.r. n.a. n.a.
Rimoli et al., 2009 Rats Chloral hydrate i.p. injection n.a. 400 1
Roiko et al., 2009 Rats Ketamine/xylazine i.m. injection n.a. Ketamine 75
xylazine 7,5		 1
Rudnick et al., 2009 Mice Isoflurane Inhalation n.r. n.a. n.a.
Sahin et al., 2009 Rats Ketamine/
chlorpromazine		 i.p. injection n.a. Ketamine 100
chlorpromazine 1		 1
Samnick et al., 2009 Rats Ketamine/xylazine i.p. injection n.a. Ketamine 70
xylazine 20		 1
Sasaki et al., 2009 Rats Halothane Inhalation 1 to 5 n.a. n.a.
Schei et al., 2009 Rats Isoflurane Inhalation 2,3 to 5 n.a. n.a.
Schmid et al., 2009 Rats Urethane n.r. n.a. 1,5 1
Sekiya et al., 2009 Rats Ketamine/xylazine i.p. injection n.a. Ketamine 100
xylazine 9		 1
Sher et al., 2009 Mice Ketamine n.r. n.a. n.r. n.r.
Shultz et al., 2009 Rats Isoflurane Inhalation 2 to 4 n.a. n.a.
Silvani et al., 2009 Mice Isoflurane Inhalation 1 to 2 n.a. n.a.
Sinton et al., 2009 Mice Ketamine/xylazine i.p. injection n.a. Ketamine 25
xylazine 2,5		 1
Song and Poon, 2009 Rats Urethane i.p. injection n.a. 1500 1
Takahashi et al., 2009 Rats Hypothermia or isoflurane Inhalation n.r. n.a. n.a.
Takahashi et al., 2009 Rats Ketamine/xylazine n.r. n.a. Ketamine 60
xylazine 100		 1
Tanida et al., 2009 Rats Pentobarbital i.p. injection n.a. 35 1
Tchekalarova et al., 2009 Rats Ketamine/xylazine i.p. injection n.a. Ketamine 80
xylazine 20		 1
Thomas et al., 2009 Rats Halothane Inhalation n.r. n.a. n.a.
Topchiy et al., 2009 Rats Ketamine/xylazine/
isoflurane		 Ketamine + xylazine i.m. injection
isoflurane inhalation		 n.r. Ketamine 100
xylazine 10		 n.r.
Touzani et al., 2009 Rats Ketamine/xylazine i.p. injection n.a. Ketamine 63
xylazine 9,4		 1
Tsanov and Manahan-Vaughan, 2009 Rats Pentobarbital i.p. injection n.a. 40 1
Wagner et al., 2009 Rats Isoflurane Inhalation 1 to 4 n.a. n.a.
Wan et al., 2009 Rats Pentobarbital i.p. injection n.a. 45 n.r.
Wigren et al., 2009 Rats Diazepam/medetomidine
/ketamine		 i.p. injection n.a. Diazepam 2,5
medetomidine 0,4
ketamine 60		 1
Worthen et al., 2009 Rats n.r. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Xue et al., 2009 Mice Ketamine/xylazine n.r. n.a. Ketamine n.r.
xylazine n.r.		 n.r.
Yoon et al., 2009 Rats Pentobarbital i.p. injection n.a. 45 1
Young et al., 2009 Rats Ketamine/xylazine i.m. injection n.a. Ketamine 85
xylazine 15		 1
Yu et al., 2009 Rats Urethane i.p. injection n.a. 1750 1
Yurek et al., 2009 Rats n.r. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Zeng et al., 2009 Rats Isoflurane Inhalation 1 to 2 n.a. n.a.
Aldehri et al., 2019 Rats Isoflurane Inhalation n.r. n.a. n.a.
Asan and Sahin, 2019 Rats Isoflurane/ketamine/
xylazine		 Isoflurane inhalation
ketamine + xylazine i.p. injection		 Isoflurane 1 to 5 Ketamine 80
xylazine 12		 n.a.
Baud et al., 2019 Rats n.r. n.r. n.r. n.r. n.r.
Bazzu et al., 2019 Mice Isoflurane Inhalation 1 to 3 n.a. n.a.
Bertoglio et al., 2019 Rats Isoflurane Inhalation 2 to 5 n.a. n.a.
Bleimeister et al., 2019 Rats Isoflurane Inhalation 2 to 4 n.a. n.a.
Bukhtiyarova et al., 2019 Mice Isoflurane Inhalation 1 to 2 n.a. n.a.
Burgdorf et al., 2019 Rats Isoflurane Inhalation 2 to 5 n.a. n.a.
Casanova-Carvajal et al., 2019 Mice n.r. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Chen G. et al., 2019 Mice Chloral hydrate n.r. n.a. 350 1
Chen and Bi, 2019 Mice Ketamine/xylazine i.p. injection n.a. Ketamine 100
xylazine 10		 1
Chen G. et al., 2019 Mice n.r. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Chen G. et al., 2019 Mice Isoflurane Inhalation 1.5 n.a. n.a.
Chen T. et al., 2019 Rats Pentobarbital i.p. injection n.a. 50 1
Chitturi et al., 2019 Rats Ketamine/xylazine i.p. injection n.a. Ketamine 80
xylazine 10		 1
Christiaen et al., 2019 Rats Isoflurane Inhalation 2 to 5 n.a. n.a.
Colangeli et al., 2019 Rats Isoflurane Inhalation 1 to 5 n.a. n.a.
da Silva Pacheco et al., 2019 Rats Ketamine/xylazine/
acepromazine		 s.c. injection n.a. Ketamine n.r.
xylazine n.r.
acepromazine n.r.		 1
Daglas et al., 2019 Mice Tribromoethanol i.p. injection n.a. 0.5 1
Dal-Pont et al., 2019 Rats Ketamine/xylazine i.m. injection n.a. Ketamine 80
xylazine 10		 1
Delaney et al., 2019 Mice n.r. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Dreier et al., 2019 Rats Thiopental i.p. injection n.a. 100 1
Du et al., 2019 Rats Isoflurane Inhalation 2 n.a. n.a.
Duveau et al., 2019 Rats Isoflurane Inhalation 2 to 2,5 n.a. n.a.
Etter et al., 2019 Mice Isoflurane Inhalation 0.5 to 5 n.a. n.a.
Ewell et al., 2019 Rats Isoflurane Inhalation 2 to 2.5 n.a. n.a.
Farakhor et al., 2019 Rats Ketamine/xylazine n.r. n.a. Ketamine 100
xylazine 10		 1
Farooq and Dragoi, 2019 Rats Isoflurane Inhalation 1 to 2 n.a. n.a.
Fiath et al., 2019 Rats Ketamine/xylazine i.m. injection n.a. Ketamine 75
xylazine 10		 n.r.
Fortress et al., 2019 Rats Ketamine/xylazine i.p. injection n.a. Ketamine 60
xylazine 7		 1
Hu et al., 2019 Mice Chloral hydrate n.r. n.a. n.r. 1
Ilieva et al., 2019 Rats Ketamine/xylazine i.p. injection n.a. Ketamine 80
xylazine 20		 1
Jackson et al., 2019 Rats Isoflurane Inhalation 2 to 5 n.a. n.a.
Jakkamsetti et al., 2019 Mice Ketamine/xylazine/
acepromazine		 i.p. injection n.a. Ketamine 100
xylazine 10
acepromazine 2		 n.r.
Jakkamsetti et al., 2019 Mice Isoflurane Inhalation 1 to 2 n.a. n.a.
Jermakowicz et al., 2019 Rats Isoflurane Inhalation 1.2 n.a. n.a.
Kaefer et al., 2019 Rats Isoflurane Inhalation 0.5 to 3 n.a. n.a.
Katagiri et al., 2019 Rats Pentobarbital i.p. injection n.a. 50 1
Kenny et al., 2019 Mice Isoflurane Inhalation 1.5 to 3 n.a. n.a.
Kim and Narayanan, 2019 Mice n.r. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Kunori and Takashima, 2019 Rats Isoflurane Inhalation 1.25 to 3 n.a. n.a.
Kyyriainen et al., 2019 Mice Pentobarbital i.p. injection n.a. 60 1
Lee et al., 2019 Rats Ketamine/xylazine i.p. injection n.a. Ketamine 7.5 to 8.75
xylazine 3 to 3.5		 n.r.
Levata et al., 2019 Mice Ketamine/xylazine i.p. injection n.a. Ketamine 80
xylazine 12		 1
Li F. et al., 2019 Rats Isoflurane Inhalation n.r. n.a. n.a.
Li Y. T. et al., 2019 Rats Urethane n.r. n.a. 1200 1
Li Q. et al., 2019 Rats Urethane i.p. injection n.a. n.r. 1
Luo et al., 2019 Mice n.r. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Lv et al., 2019 Rats Isoflurane Inhalation 2 n.a. n.a.
Ma et al., 2019 Mice Isoflurane Inhalation 2 to 3 n.a. n.a.
Mastrella et al., 2019 Mice Ketamine/xylazine n.r. n.a. Ketamine 100
xylazine 10		 1
Mazza et al., 2019 Mice Isoflurane Inhalation n.r. n.a. n.a.
Mittal et al., 2019 Mice Isoflurane Inhalation n.r. n.a. n.a.
Mo et al., 2019 Mice n.r. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Mohammad et al., 2019 Rats Isoflurane Inhalation 2 to 5 n.a. n.a.
Mohammadipoor-Ghasemabad et al., 2019 Rats Ketamine/xylazine i.p. injection n.a. Ketamine 80
xylazine 10		 1
Mohammadpoory et al., 2019 Rats Ketamine/xylazine i.p. injection n.a. Ketamine 60
xylazine 10		 1
Moller et al., 2019 Rats Chloral hydrate i.p. injection n.a. 360 1
Murai et al., 2019 Rats Isoflurane Inhalation n.r. n.a. n.a.
Njoku et al., 2019 Rats Isoflurane Inhalation 2 to 4 n.a. n.a.
O’Brien et al., 2019 Mice Isoflurane n.a. n.r. n.a. n.a.
Ogun et al., 2019 Rats Ketamine/xylazine i.m. injection n.a. Ketamine 90
xylazine 10		 1
Okada et al., 2019 Rats Medetomidine/
midazolam		 i.p. injection n.a. Medetomidine 0.375
midazolam 2		 1
Park et al., 2019 Mice Isoflurane Inhalation 1.5 to 3 n.a. n.a.
Pettibone et al., 2019 Rats n.r. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Pfluger et al., 2019 Rats Isoflurane Inhalation 1.5 to 4 n.a. n.a.
Qiao et al., 2019 Mice n.r. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Romoli et al., 2019 Mice Tiletamine/zolazepam/
xylazine		 n.r. n.a. Tiletamine n.r.
zolazepam n.r.
xylazine n.r.		 1
Russell et al., 2019 Rats Isoflurane Inhalation 2 to 4 n.a. n.a.
Sa et al., 2019 Rats Ketamine/xylazine n.r. n.a. Ketamine n.r.
xylazine n.r.		 1
Sharma et al., 2019 Rats Ketamine i.p. injection n.a. 75 1
Shaver et al., 2019 Rats Isoflurane Inhalation 2 to 5 n.a. n.a.
Shiuchi et al., 2019 Mice Ketamine/xylazine i.p. injection n.a. Ketamine 100
xylazine 10		 1
Simader et al., 2019 Rats Ketamine/xylazine/
isoflurane		 Ketamine + xylazine i.p. injection
isoflurane inhalation		 Isoflurane 1.5 Ketamine 100
xylazine 10		 1
Slezia et al., 2019 Mice Ketamine/xylazine i.p. injection n.a. Ketamine 100
xylazine 10		 n.r.
Souza et al., 2019 Rats Ketamine/xylazine/
acepromazine		 i.m. injection n.a. Ketamine 75
xylazine 5
acepromazine 1		 n.r.
Souza et al., 2019 Rats Ketamine/xylazine/
acepromazine		 n.r. n.a. Ketamine n.r.
xylazine n.r.
acepromazine n.r.		 n.r.
Stanchi et al., 2019 Mice Ketamine/xylazine i.p. injection n.a. Ketamine 100
xylazine 10		 n.r.
Stanojlovic et al., 2019 Mice Isoflurane Inhalation 1 to 4 n.a. n.a.
Sun et al., 2019 Mice Isoflurane Inhalation 1,5 to 4 n.a. n.a.
Suzuki et al., 2019 Mice Isoflurane Inhalation 1 to 3 n.a. n.a.
Szonyi et al., 2019 Mice Ketamine/xylazine/
isoflurane		 Ketamine + xylazine i.p. injection
isoflurane inhalation		 Isoflurane 2 Ketamine n.r.
xylazine n.r.		 n.r.
Szonyi et al., 2019 Mice Ketamine/xylazine/
isoflurane		 Ketamine + xylazine i.p. injection
isoflurane inhalation		 Isoflurane 2 Ketamine n.r.
xylazine n.r.		 n.r.
Tomov et al., 2019 Rats Isoflurane Inhalation 2 to 4 n.a. n.a.
Villa-Cedillo et al., 2019 Mice Tribromoethanol n.r. n.a. 125 to 150 1
Villasana et al., 2019 Mice Isoflurane Inhalation 2 n.a. n.a.
Wang et al., 2019f Mice Isoflurane Inhalation 3 n.a. n.a.
Wang et al., 2019g Mice Pentobarbital i.p. injection n.a. 100 1
Wang et al., 2019a Mice Isoflurane Inhalation 1.5 n.a. n.a.
Wang et al., 2019h Mice n.r. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Wang et al., 2019b Rats n.r. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Wang et al., 2019c Rats Chloral hydrate i.p. injection n.a. n.r. 1
Wang et al., 2019d Rats Isoflurane Inhalation 2 to 5 n.a. n.a.
Wang et al., 2019e Rats Chloral hydrate i.p. injection n.a. 1 1
Wen L. et al., 2019 Mice Ketamine/xylazine i.p. injection n.a. Ketamine 80 to 100
xylazine 10		 1
Wen et al., 2019 Rats Ketamine/xylazine/
acepromazine		 n.r. n.a. Ketamine 90
xylazine 2.7
acepromazine 0.64		 1
Xu et al., 2019 Mice Pentobarbital i.p. injection n.a. 65 1
Yang et al., 2019 Rats Isoflurane Inhalation 2 to 5 n.a. n.a.
Yeung et al., 2019 Mice Ketamine/medetomidine s.c. injection n.a. Ketamine 75
medetomidine 1		 1
Zhang et al., 2019c Mice Pentobarbital n.r. n.a. 50 1
Zhang et al., 2019b Rats Ketamine/xylazine i.p. injection n.a. Ketamine 100
xylazine 10		 1
Zhang et al., 2019a Rats Isoflurane Inhalation 2 to 5 n.a. n.a.
Zhao et al., 2019 Rats Pentobarbital n.r. n.a. 35 1

Information on type of anesthesia reported in studies from 2009 (k = 100) and 2019 (k = 100) included in the subset of 200 studies. Year of pub., year of publication; n.r., not reported, parameter was not reported; n.a., not applicable, extraction of this parameter was not feasible; i.p., intraperitoneal; i.m., intramuscular; numbers in the study ID (e.g., Francois et al., 2009) indicate animal groups within individual studies.