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. 2023 May 3;11:1166601. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1166601

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Copyright © 2023 Lüddecke, Paas, Harris, Talmann, Kirchhoff, Billion, Hardes, Steinbrink, Gerlach, Fry and Vilcinskas.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Organoid culture workflow. Venom glands are obtained by dissection from adult or embryonic specimens of the target species. Following tissue digestion, they are established in cell culture where they undergo expansion and finally differentiation. Differentiated organoids resemble artificial venom glands in a controllable cell culture system and may be used to obtain crude venom for downstream venomics analysis or for the isolation of specific toxins. They may also be used as model systems to study the genetic and developmental basis of venom glands.