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. 2023 May 3;11:1166601. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1166601

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Copyright © 2023 Lüddecke, Paas, Harris, Talmann, Kirchhoff, Billion, Hardes, Steinbrink, Gerlach, Fry and Vilcinskas.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Selected examples of the complex relationship between venom biotechnology and venomics, and the multilateral interconnections between biotechnological fields in venom research (arrows). Venomics serves as the foundation for the subsequent biotechnological analysis of venom systems by providing fundamental information about the venom system. Functional genomics can then be used to discover the genetic basis of complex traits, such as venom regulation or venom susceptibility. It can also be used to modify the original venom systems (dashed arrow). Biosensors can be used to infer venom modes of action and resistance. As well as providing information on the role of venom in natural scenarios, the data can be used to design artificial toxins with desired activities for drug discovery programs. These, and also the natural toxins identified by venomics, can be accessed using different biotechnological production systems (from left to right: heterologous expression in prokaryotes, chemical synthesis, cell-free systems and organoids). The toxin of interest can then be fed back to the biosensor platform to determine its function and any potential translational applications.