TABLE 1.
Selected venom components produced via different methods. Given are selected venom toxins discussed in this text that are produced via synthesis, recombinantly od via cell-free approaches. Further indicated are the species from which the toxins were identified, size, modifications and the respective production system used.
| Type | Toxin | Species | Size | Modifications | ProductionSystem | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Synthesis | ShK-toxin | Stichodactyla helicanthus (anemone) | 4.1 kDa | Disulfide bonds (3x) | Fmoc | Pennington et al., (1995) |
| Synthesis | Mar1a | Machimus arthriticus (robber fly) | 3.1 kDa | Disulfide bonds (3x) | Fmoc | Drukewitz et al., (2018) |
| Synthesis | Protoxin II | Thrixopelma pruriens (spider) | 3.8 kDa | Disulfide bonds (3x) | Fmoc | Park et al., (2012) |
| Synthesis | Checacin-1 | Chelifer cancroides (pseudoscorpion) | n.a. | Amidation | n.a. | Krämer et al., (2022) |
| Synthesis | Salamandrin-I | Salamandra Salamandra (amphibian) | 1.4 kDa | Amidation | Fmoc | Plácido et al. (2020) |
| Recombinant | Huwentoxin-IV | Ornithoctonus huwena (spider) | 4.1 kDa | Disulfide bonds (3x) | SHuffle T7 Express lysY | Sermadiras et al., (2013) |
| Recombinant | H-Vc7.2 | Conus victoriae (cone snail) | 2.8 kDa | Disulfide bonds (3x) | CyDisCo | Nielson et al., (2019) |
| Recombinant | Conk-S3 | Conus striatus (cone snail) | n.a. | Disulfide bonds (2x) | pcsDisCoTune | Bertelsen et al., (2021) |
| Recombinant | Hi1a | Hadronyche infensa (spider) | 8.6 kDa | Disulfide bonds (6x) | BL21 (DE3) | Chassagnon et al., (2017) |
| Recombinant | S64 | Sicarius dolichocephala (spider) | 3.6 kDa | Disulfide bonds (3x) | BL21 (DE3) | Loening et al., (2013) |
| Recombinant | S67 | Sicarius dolichocephala (spider) | 2.1 kDa | Disulfide bonds (3x) | BL21 (DE3) | Loening et al., (2013) |
| Cell-free | S67 (USCTX) | Sicarius dolichocephala (spider) | 2.1 kDa | Disulfide bonds (3x) a | NEB PURExpress | Lüddecke et al., (2021) |
| Cell-free | Preprosecapin | Apis mellifera (honeybee) | n.a. | n.a. | Wheat germ-based | Vlasak and Kreil (1984) |
| Cell-free | Kallikrein | Undet. Snake | n.a. | n.a. | Wheat germ-based | Wang et al. (2012) |
| Cell-free | Pn3a | Pamphobeteus nigricolor (spider) | 4.2 kDa | Disulfide bonds (3x) | AC-assisted Ec CFS | Wu et al. (2022) |
| Cell-free | Dc1a | Diguetia canities (spider) | 6.5 kDa | Disulfide bonds (4x) | AC-assisted Ec CFS | Wu et al. (2022) |
| Cell-free | HT-1 | Ixodes holocyclus (tick) | 7.8 kDa | Disulfide bonds (4x) | AC-assisted Ec CFS | Wu et al. (2022) |
a
Correct folding not shown.