Table 2.
Insect species recorded in folk medicine and the stage and ingredient used.
| Order | Family | Species | Stage or ingredient used | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blattodea | Blaberidae | Epilampra sp. | Nymph/Adults | [28] |
| Opisthoplatia orientalis (Burmeister) | Nymph/Adults | [66] | ||
| Rhyparobia maderae (Fabricius) | Non-specified | [63] | ||
| Blattidae | Blatta orientalis L. | Non-specified | [66] | |
| Blattella germanica L. | Nymphs/Adults | [66] | ||
| Eurycotis manni Rehn | Nymph | [63] | ||
| Periplaneta americana L. | Adults | [39,63,66] | ||
| Periplaneta australasiae (Fabricius) | Non-specified | [66] | ||
| Corydiidae | Eupolyphaga sinensis (Walker) | Nymph/Adults | [66] | |
| Eupolyphaga yunnanesis (Chopard) | Nymph/Adults | [66] | ||
| Rhinotermitidae | Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki | Adults | [66] | |
| Reticulitermes flaviceps Oshima | Adults | [66] | ||
| Termitidae | Macrotermes annandalei (Silvestri) | Larvae/Adults | [66] | |
| Macrotermes barneyi Light | Non-specified | [65,66] | ||
| Macrotermes sp. | Adults/Nest | [28,39] | ||
| Microcerotermes exiguus (Hagen) | Non-specified | [63] | ||
| Nasutitermes corniger (Motschulsky) | Non-specified | [63] | ||
| Nasutitermes macrocephalus (Silvestri) | Non-specified | [63] | ||
| Nasutitermes sp. | Nest | [39] | ||
| Odontotermes formosanus (Shiraki) | Non-specified | [66] | ||
| Trinervitermes sp. | Adults, Nest | [39] | ||
| Coleoptera | Buprestidae | Chalcophora japonica Gory | Adults | [65] |
| Carabidae | Pheropsophus jessoensis (A.Morawitz) | Non-specified | [65,66] | |
| Cerambycidae | Anoplophora chinensis (Forster) | Larvae/Adults | [66] | |
| Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) | Larvae | [65] | ||
| Apriona germari Hope | Larvae/Adults | [65,66] | ||
| Aromia bungii (Faldermann) | Larvae | [65] | ||
| Batocera horsfieldi (Hope) | Adults | [66] | ||
| Batocera parryi Hope | Larvae | [28] | ||
| Batocera rubus L. | Larvae | [28] | ||
| Batocera rufomaculata (De Geer) | Larvae | [28] | ||
| Macrodontia cervicornis (L.) | Non-specified | [63] | ||
| Orthosoma brunneum (Forster) | Larvae | [63] | ||
| Chrysomelidae | Coraliomela brunnea (Thunberg) | Non-specified | [63] | |
| Pachymerus nucleorum (Fabricius) | Non-specified | [63] | ||
| Coccinellidae | Coccinella septempunctata L. | Adults | [39] | |
| Curculionidae | Rhina barbirostris Champion | Non-specified | [63] | |
| Rhinostomus barbirostris (Fabricius) | Non-specified | [63] | ||
| Rhynchophorus palmarum L. | Non-specified | [63] | ||
| Dytiscidae | Cybister japonicus Sharp | Adults | [65] | |
| Cybister limbatus (Fabricius) | Adults | [28] | ||
| Cybister tripunctatus lateralis (Fabricius) | Adults | [28] | ||
| Elateridae | Pleonomus canaliculatus (Faldermann) | Non-specified | [66] | |
| Gyrinidae | Gyrinus curtus Motschulsky | Non-specified | [66] | |
| Hydrophilidae | Hydrophilus caschmirensis Redtenbacher | Adults | [28] | |
| Lampyridae | Luciola ficta Olivier | Larvae/Adults | [66] | |
| Meloidae | Epicauta hirticornis Haag-Rutenberg | Non-specified | [66] | |
| Lytta caraganae (Pallas) | Non-specified | [66] | ||
| Lytta sp. | Adults | [39] | ||
| Meloe coarctatus Motschulsky | Non-specified | [66] | ||
| Mylabris cichorii L. | Adults | [66] | ||
| Mylabris phalerata (Pallas) | Non-specified | [66] | ||
| Mylabris sp. | Adults | [28] | ||
| Palembus dermestoides (Fairmaire) | Non-specified | [63] | ||
| Pseudomeloe andensis (Guérin-Méneville) | Non-specified | [63] | ||
| Melolonthidae | Holotrichia diomphalia Bates | Larvae, Adults | [65,66] | |
| Holotrichia morosa Waterhouse | Larvae/Adults | [66] | ||
| Holotrichia oblita (Faldermann) | Larvae/Adults | [66] | ||
| Polyphylla gracilicornis (Blanchard) | Adults | [65] | ||
| Rutelidae | Anomala corpulenta Motschulsky | Larvae/Adults | [66] | |
| Scarabaeidae | Allomyrina dichotoma L. | Larvae | [65,66] | |
| Potosia (Liocola) brevitarsis (Lewis) | Larvae | [65] | ||
| Potosia (Liocola) brevitarsis (Lewis) | Larvae/Adults | [66] | ||
| Scarabaeus laticollis L. | Rolled dung | [39] | ||
| Geotrupes laevistriatus Motschulsky | Adults | [66] | ||
| Geotrupes substriatellus L. | Adults | [66] | ||
| Tenebrionidae | Martianus dermestoides (Chevrolat) | Non-specified | [66] | |
| Tenebrio molitor L. | Chitin | [65,66] | ||
| Dermaptera | Forficulidae | Forficula auricularia L. | Non-specified | [63] |
| Diptera | Calliphoridae | Chrysomyia megacephala (Fabricius) | Larvae | [66] |
| Muscidae | Musca domestica L. | Larvae/Adults | [39,63] | |
| Tabanidae | Tabanus mandarinus Schiner | Larvae/Adults | [66] | |
| Tachinidae | Musca domestica vicina L. | Larvae/Adults | [65] | |
| Tipulidae | Tipula sp. | Larvae | [28] | |
| Hemiptera | Aetalionidae | Darthula hardwickii (Gray) | Nymph | [28] |
| Belostomatidae | Lethocerus indicus Lepeletier and Serville | Adults | [28,66] | |
| Cicadidae | Cicada flammata Distant | Cicada periostracum (exuviae) | [66] | |
| Cryptotympana atrata (Fabricius) | Adults/Cicada periostracum (Exuviae) | [65,66] | ||
| Cryptotympana mandarina Distant | Cicada periostracum (exuviae) | [66] | ||
| Huechys philamata (Fabricius) | Non-specified | [66] | ||
| Huechys sanguinea (DeGeer) | Non-specified | [66] | ||
| Oncotympana maculaticollis (Motschulsky) | Non-specified | [65] | ||
| Oncotympana maculaticollis (Motschulsky) | Cicada periostracum (exuviae) | [66] | ||
| Platypleura kaempferi (Fabricius) | Non-specified | [65] | ||
| Ericerus pela (Chavannes) | Wax produced by male | [66] | ||
| Notobitus meleagris (Fabricius) | Adults | [28] | ||
| Dinidoridae | Aspongopus nepalensis Westwood | Adults | [28] | |
| Coridius singhalanus Distant | Non-specified | [28] | ||
| Cyclopelta parva Distant | Adults | [66] | ||
| Fulgoridae | Lycorma delicatula (White) | Adults | [65,66] | |
| Gerridae | Rhagadotarsus kraepelini Breddin | Non-specified | [66] | |
| Nepidae | Laccotrephes ruber L. | Adults | [28] | |
| Pentatomidae | Aspongopus chinensis Dallas | Adults | [65,66] | |
| Udonga montana Distant | Adults | [28] | ||
| Nezara viridula smaragdula (Fabricius) | Non-specified | [65] | ||
| Tessaratomidae | Tessaratoma papilllosa (Drury) | Adults | [66] | |
| Tessaratoma quadrata Distant | Adults | [66] | ||
| Hymenoptera | Apidae | Apis andreniformis Smith | Non-specified | [66] |
| Apis cerana Fabricius | Larvae/Bee venom/Bee wax/Honey/Royal jelly/Bee pollen | [65,66] | ||
| Apis cerana indica Fabricius | Larvae/Pupae/Cocoon/Adults/Bee comb/Bee wax/Honey | [28] | ||
| Apis dorsata Fabricius | Larvae/Pupae/Cocoon/Adults/Bee comb/Bee wax/Honey/Pollen | [28,66] | ||
| Apis florea Fabricius | Larvae/Pupae/Cocoon/Honey/Bee comb | [28,66] | ||
| Apis laboriosa Smith | Larvae/Pupae/Cocoon/Honey/Bee comb/Pollen | [28] | ||
| Apis mellifera L. | Larvae/Adults/Bee venom/Bee wax/Honey/Royal jelly/Bee pollen/Propolis | [39,63,65,66] | ||
| Cephalotrigona capitata (Smith) | Non-specified | [63] | ||
| Frieseomelitta silvestrii (Friese) | Non-specified | [63] | ||
| Frieseomelitta varia (Lepeletier) | Non-specified | [63] | ||
| Lepidotrigona arcifera (Cockerell) | Honey/Nest | [28] | ||
| Lestrimelitta limao (Smith) | Non-specified | [63] | ||
| Melipona asilvai Moure | Non-specified | [63] | ||
| Melipona compressipes (Fabricius) | Non-specified | [63] | ||
| Melipona mandacaia Smith | Non-specified | [63] | ||
| Melipona marginata Lepeletier | Non-specified | [63] | ||
| Melipona quadrifasciata Lepeletier | Non-specified | [63] | ||
| Melipona scutellaris Latreille | Non-specified | [63] | ||
| Melipona subnitida Ducke | Non-specified | [63] | ||
| Partamona Cupira (Smith) | Non-specified | [63] | ||
| Platynopoda magnifica Cockerell | Non-specified | [66] | ||
| Plebeia emerina (Friese) | Non-specified | [63] | ||
| Tetragonisca angustula (Latreille) | Non-specified | [63] | ||
| Trigona mosquito Smith | Non-specified | [63] | ||
| Trigona spinipes (Fabricius) | Non-specified | [63] | ||
| Xylocopa appendiculata Smith | Adults | [65,66] | ||
| Xylocopa sinensis Smith | Non-specified | [66] | ||
| Formicidae | Acromyrmex landolti (Forel) | Non-specified | [63] | |
| Atta cephalotes L. | Non-specified | [63] | ||
| Atta serdens L. | Non-specified | [63] | ||
| Camponotus japonicus Mayr | Non-specified | [66] | ||
| Camponotus maculatus (Fabricius) | Adults | [39] | ||
| Camponotus sp. | Adults/Nest | [39] | ||
| Campsomeris annulata Fabricius | Non-specified | [66] | ||
| Dinoponera quadriceps Kempf | Non-specified | [63] | ||
| Formica fusca L. | Non-specified | [66] | ||
| Oecophylla smaragdina (Fabricius) | Adults | [28,66] | ||
| Pachycondyla sp. | Nest | [39] | ||
| Polyrhachis dives Smith | Non-specified | [66] | ||
| Polyrhachis vicina Roger | Non-specified | [65,66] | ||
| Solenopsis saevissima (Smith) | Non-specified | [63] | ||
| Tetramorium sp. | Nest | [39] | ||
| Sphecidae | Sceliphron sp. | Pupae/Cocoon/Adults/Nest | [39] | |
| Vespidae | Apoica pallens (Fabricius) | Non-specified | [63] | |
| Brachygastra lecheguana (Latreille) | Non-specified | [63] | ||
| Parapolybia varia (Fabricius) | Adults, Bee comb | [66] | ||
| Polistes canadensis L. | Non-specified | [63] | ||
| Polistes chinensis (Fabricius) | Larvae/Adults/Bee comb | [66] | ||
| Polistes macaensis (Fabricius) | Adults | [65] | ||
| Polybia sericea (Olivier) | Non-specified | [63] | ||
| Protonectarina sylveirae (Saussure) | Non-specified | [63] | ||
| Protopolybia exigua (Saussure) | Non-specified | [63] | ||
| Provespa barthelemyi (Byusson) | Adults | [28] | ||
| Synoeca surinama (L.) | Non-specified | [63] | ||
| Vespa affinis (L.) | Bee comb | [66] | ||
| Vespa bicolor Fabricius | Adults | [65] | ||
| Vespa ducalis Smith | Adults | [65] | ||
| Vespa mandarinia Smith | Bee comb | [28,65,66] | ||
| Vespa nigrithorax Buusson | Bee comb | [66] | ||
| Vespa tropica L. | Larvae/Pupae/Cocoon/Adults/ | [28] | ||
| Vespa velutina auraria Smith | Bee comb | [65,66] | ||
| Vespula vulgaris L. | Nest | [39] | ||
| Lepidoptera | Bombycidae | Bombyx mori L. | Eggs/Larvae/Pupae/Cocoon/Male adults/Beauveria bassiana infected larvae/Pupae/Exuviae | [65,66] |
| Cossidae | Cossus sp. | Larvae, Adults | [28] | |
| Crambidae | Omphisa fuscidentalis Hampson | Larvae | [28] | |
| Erebidae | Arctia caja (L.) | Non-specified | [66] | |
| Hepialidae | Thitarodes armoricanus Oberthür | Cordyceps sp. Infected larvae | [65] | |
| Erionota torus Evans | Larvae | [28] | ||
| Lasiocampidae | Malacosoma sp. | Larvae | [28] | |
| Limacodidae | Cnidocampa flavescens (Walker) | Pupae/Cocoon | [66] | |
| Monema flavescens Walker | Pupae/cocoon | [65] | ||
| Thosea sinensis Walker | Pupae/Cocoon | [66] | ||
| Noctuidae | Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) | Cordyceps hawkesii infected larvae | [66] | |
| Nymphalidae | Polygonia c-aureum L. | Adults | [65] | |
| Papilionidae | Papilio machaon L. | Larvae/Pupae/Cocoon | [66] | |
| Papilio xuthus L. | Larvae | [65,66] | ||
| Pieridae | Pieris rapae (L.) | Adults | [65,66] | |
| Psychidae | Oiketicus kirbyi Guilding | Non-specified | [63] | |
| Pyralidae | Aglossa dimidiatus Haworth | Frass | [66] | |
| Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) | Larvae | [65,66] | ||
| Proceras venosatum (Walker) | Larvae | [66] | ||
| Saturniidae | Antheraea pernyi (Guérin-Meneville) | Pupae/Cocoon | [65,66] | |
| Cirina butyrospermi Vuillot | Non-specified | [39] | ||
| Philosamia cynthia Grote | Larvae/Pupae/Cocoon | [65,66] | ||
| Samia cynthia ricini (Boisduval) | Larvae | [28] | ||
| Mantodea | Mantidae | Hierodula coarctata Saussure | Adults | [28] |
| Hierodula patellifera Serville | Eggs/Adults | [65,66] | ||
| Mantis religiosa Linnaeus | Eggs | [66] | ||
| Paratenodera sinensis (Saussure) | Eggs | [66] | ||
| Statilia maculata Thunberg | Eggs/Adults | [65,66] | ||
| Tenodera angustipennis (Saussure) | Eggs | [66] | ||
| Tenodera sinensis Saussure | Egg/Adults | [28,65] | ||
| Neuroptera | Myrmeleontidae | Euroleon sinicus (Navás) | Larvae | [66] |
| Myrmeleon sp. | Larvae | [28] | ||
| Odonata | Aeschnidae | Aeschna melanictera Selys | Adults | [66] |
| Anax parthenope julius Brauer | Adults | [66] | ||
| Gomphidae | Gomphidia confluens Selys | Non-specified | [65] | |
| Libellulidae | Crocothemis servilia Drury | Nymphs | [28,66] | |
| Diplacodes trivialis Rambur | Nymphs | [28] | ||
| Neurothemis fulvia Drury | Nymphs | [28] | ||
| Orthetrum pruinosum neglectum Rambur | Nymphs | [28] | ||
| Orthetrum sabina Drury | Nymphs | [28] | ||
| Orthetrum triangulare Selys | Nymphs | [28] | ||
| Pantala flavescens Fabricius | Nymphs | [28,65,66] | ||
| Potamarcha congener Rambur | Nymphs | [28] | ||
| Orthoptera | Acrididae | Acrida cinerea (Thunberg) | Adults | [66] |
| Acrida cinerea (Thunberg) | Adults | [65,66] | ||
| Ceracris kiangsu Tsai | Non-specified | [66] | ||
| Locusta migratoria (L.) | Non-specified | [65,66] | ||
| Melanoplus sp. | Adults | [28] | ||
| Oxya chinensis (Thunberg) | Adults | [65,66] | ||
| Patanga japonica (Bolívar) | Adults | [65,66] | ||
| Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål) | Adults | [39] | ||
| Gryllidae | Acheta domesticus (L.) | Non-specified | [39,63] | |
| Brachytrupes portentosus (Lichtenstein) | Non-specified | [66] | ||
| Gryllus assimilis (Fabricius) | Non-specified | [63] | ||
| Gryllus mitratus Burmeister | Adults | [66] | ||
| Gryllus sp. | Adults | [28] | ||
| Gryllus testaceus Wallker | Non-specified | [66] | ||
| Loxoblemmus doenitzi Stein | Nymph/Adults | [65,66] | ||
| Scapsipedus micado Saussure | Adults | [65] | ||
| Tarbinskiellus portentosus (Lichtenstein) | Adults | [28] | ||
| Teleogryllus emma (Ohmachi and Matsuura) | Adults | [65] | ||
| Velarifictorus aspersus (Walker) | Adults | [65] | ||
| Gryllotalpidae | Gryllotalpa orientalis Burmeister | Nymph/Adults | [65,66] | |
| Gryllotalpa unispina Saussure | Non-specified | [66] | ||
| Phalangopsidae | Paragryllus temulentus Saussure | Non-specified | [63] | |
| Tettigoniidae | Elimaea securigera Brunner von Wattenwyl | Adults | [28] | |
| Gampsocleis buergeri (De Haan) | Male | [66] | ||
| Gampsocleis gratiosa Brunner Von Wattenwyl | Adults | [65] | ||
| Gampsocleis sedakovii obscura (Walker) | Adults | [65] | ||
| Mecopoda elongata (L.) | Non-specified | [66] | ||
| Pseudophyllus titan White | Adults | [28] | ||
| Phasmatodea | Lonchodidae | Carausius sp. | Adults | [28] |
| Psocodea | Pediculidae | Pediculus humanus L. | Non-specified | [63] |
| Trichoptera | Phryganeidae | Phryganea japonica McLachlan | Larvae | [66] |
| Zygentoma | Lepismatidae | Lepisma saccharina L. | Non-specified | [66] |
| Lepisma villosa Fabricius | Non-specified | [66] |