Figure 2. Variation in the Causes of Heart Failure and the Use of Treatments for Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction by Country Income Level in a Registry Study of 40 Countries.

A, See eTable 3 in Supplement 1 for an expanded list of heart failure causes by income level.

B, See eTable 4 in Supplement 1 for an expanded list of heart failure treatments by country income level. Data report on the proportion of participants with an left ventricular ejection fraction of less than or equal to 40% taking a specific class of medication or combination of medications. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator use is reported in participants with a left ventricular ejection fraction of less than or equal to 35%. RAS inhibitor refers to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, or an angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor.

MRA indicates mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; RAS, renin-angiotensin system.