Table. Baseline Characteristics of the Study Populationa.
| Overall | Low-income countries | Lower–middle-income countries | Upper–middle-income countries | High-income countries | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total No. | 23 341 | 1910 | 6947 | 5793 | 8691 |
| Age, median (IQR), y | 65 (54-74) | 59 (45-70) | 60 (48-69) | 67 (57-75) | 69 (59-77) |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 63.1 (14.9) | 57.1 (17.1) | 57.8 (15.4) | 65.3 (13.9) | 67.2 (12.9) |
| Female sex | 9119 (39.1) | 1027 (53.7) | 3094 (54.5) | 2232 (38.5) | 2766 (31.8) |
| Male sex | 14 222 (60.9) | 883 (46.3) | 3853 (55.5) | 3561 (61.5) | 5925 (68.2) |
| Education level | |||||
| No. | 23 248 | 1910 | 6947 | 5791 | 8600 |
| ≤Primary | 10 267 (44.2) | 1256 (65.8) | 3411 (49.1) | 2771 (47.9) | 2829 (32.9) |
| Secondary | 7749 (33.3) | 370 (19.4) | 2190 (31.5) | 1943 (33.6) | 3246 (37.7) |
| Postsecondary | 5232 (22.5) | 284 (14.9) | 1346 (19.4) | 1077 (18.6) | 2525 (29.4) |
| Enrollment from the inpatient hospitalization setting | 7371 (31.6) | 600 (31.4) | 2917 (42.0) | 1733 (29.9) | 2121 (24.4) |
| Clinical characteristics and health behaviors | |||||
| Body mass index, median (IQR)b | 26.5 (23.1-30.8) | 24.2 (21.2-28.3) | 24.8 (21.8-28.7) | 26.2 (23.2-30.1) | 28.4 (25.1-32.9) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseasec | 2452 (10.5) | 73 (3.8) | 421 (6.1) | 736 (12.7) | 1222 (14.1) |
| Current alcohol use | 5232 (22.5) | 137 (7.2) | 788 (11.3) | 757 (13.1) | 3550 (41.1) |
| Current tobacco use | 1967 (8.4) | 76 (4.0) | 436 (6.3) | 501 (8.6) | 954 (11.0) |
| Diabetesc | 7209 (30.9) | 253 (13.2) | 1832 (26.4) | 1704 (29.4) | 3420 (39.4) |
| Heart failure >12-mo duration | 16 071 (75.3) | 940 (49.2) | 3951 (56.9) | 4346 (75.1) | 6834 (78.6) |
| Hypertensionc | 15 337 (65.7) | 1120 (58.6) | 4002 (57.6) | 4021 (69.4) | 6194 (71.3) |
| Systolic blood pressure, median (IQR), mm Hg | 121 (109-136) | 120 (105-141) | 120 (109-135) | 122 (110-135) | 121 (109-135) |
| Left ventricular ejection fractiond | |||||
| No. | 19 237 | 1853 | 5896 | 4818 | 6670 |
| ≤40 | 11 642 (60.5) | 1140 (61.5) | 3685 (62.5) | 2554 (53.0) | 4263 (63.9) |
| 41-49 | 2909 (15.1) | 273 (14.7) | 710 (12.0) | 969 (20.1) | 957 (14.3) |
| ≥50 | 4686 (24.4) | 440 (23.7) | 1501 (25.5) | 1295 (26.9) | 1450 (21.7) |
| Stage 4-5 kidney dysfunctione | 963 (4.1) | 74 (3.9) | 151 (2.2) | 192 (3.3) | 546 (6.3) |
| New York Heart Association functional classf | |||||
| No. | 23 227 | 1910 | 6946 | 5786 | 8585 |
| I | 2658 (11.4) | 261 (13.7) | 497 (7.2) | 690 (11.9) | 1210 (14.1) |
| II | 11 347 (48.6) | 508 (26.6) | 3325 (47.9) | 2875 (49.7) | 4639 (54.0) |
| III | 7395 (31.8) | 670 (35.1) | 2504 (36.0) | 1743 (30.1) | 2478 (28.9) |
| IV | 1827 (7.9) | 471 (24.7) | 620 (8.9) | 478 (8.3) | 258 (3.0) |
a
Values are reported as No. (%) unless otherwise indicated.
b
Calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.
c
Based on participant self-report.
d
Indicates participants who had an ejection fraction documented within 1 year prior to study enrollment.
e
Investigator reported stage 4 or 5 kidney dysfunction defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate of less than 30 mL per minute based on local blood work.
f
Range, I to IV (higher values indicate greater heart failure symptom severity).