Table 1.
Demographic Features of Study Population and SwalQoL Scores According to Cognitive Status
| Cognitively Intact n = 35 |
Mild AD n = 36 |
Moderate AD n = 30 |
P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 73.88 ± 6.76 | 75.58 ± 5.53 | 80.60 ± 7.99 | < 0.001 | |
| Sex, Female | 18 (51.4) | 23(63.9) | 18.0(60.0) | 0.56 | |
| Education, ≤ 5 years | 17(50.0)a | 27(75.0) | 26(86.7) | 0.004 | |
| Multimorbidities | Diabetes Mellitus | 18(51.4) | 13(36.1) | 7(23.3) | 0.064 |
| Hypertension | 27(77.1) | 26(72.2) | 22(73.3) | 0.88 | |
| Hyperlipidemia | 12(34.3) | 10(27.8) | 7(23.3) | 0.62 | |
| Coronary Artery Disease | 11 (31.4) | 11(30.6) | 10(33.3) | 0.97 | |
| Hypothyroidism | 13(37.1)a | 2(5.6) | 2(5.6) | < 0.001 | |
| Malignancy | 6(17.1) | 7(19.4) | 2(6.7) | 0.31 | |
| Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment | Patients Living with Frailty,CFS | 5(14.3)a | 15(41.7) | 28(93.3) | < 0.001 |
| Patients Living with Frailty,FRAIL | 11(32.4) | 15(44.1) | 26(86.7)a | < 0.001 | |
| Basic ADL | 6.0[1.0] | 6.0[1.0] | 3.0[3.0] | < 0.001 | |
| IADL | 8.0[0.0] | 6.0[3.0] | 1.0[2.0] | < 0.001 | |
| MMSE | 28[5.25] | 24[8.0] | 17.0[9.0] | < 0.001 | |
| Yesavage GDS | 3.0[7.0] | 3.0[3.0] | 5.0[5.0] | 0.016 | |
| Depression Risk (GDS ≥ 5) | 13(37.1) | 9(25.0) | 6(20.0) | 0.28 | |
| Polypharmacy | 24(68.6) | 28(77.8) | 23(76.7) | 0.63 | |
|
Malnutrition Risk of Malnutrition |
3(8.6) 10(28.6) a |
6(18.2) 19(57.6) |
8(27.6) 16(55.2) |
0.001 | |
| Incontinence | 9(25.7) a | 19(57.8) | 23(76.7) | < 0.001 | |
| Falls | 3(8.6)a | 12(35.3) | 12(40.0) | 0.008 | |
| Low Gait Speed (≤ 0.8 m/sec)* | 21(60.0) | 25(69.4) | 27(90.0)a | 0.024 | |
| EAT-10(≥ 3)* | 14(40.0) | 23(63.9)a | 27(90)a | < 0.001 | |
| SWALQoL QUESTIONNAIRE | Burden | 100.0[0.0] | 100.0[12.5] | 87.50[28.13] | 0.005 |
| Duration | 100.0[12.5] | 100.0[34.8] | 75.0[56.25] | 0.003 | |
| Desire | 100.0[16.7] | 100.0[31.22] | 79.15[35.38] | 0.001 | |
| Frequency | 98.2[3.6] | 94.60[12.03] | 84.80[17.88] | < 0.001 | |
| Food Selection | 100.0[25.0] | 100.0[37.5] | 62.50[65.63] | < 0.001 | |
| Communication | 100.0[0.0] | 100.0[0.0] | 100.0[25.0] | 0.029 | |
| Fear | 100.0[0.0] | 100.0[4.69] | 100.0[29.69] | 0.20 | |
| Mental Health | 100.0[0.0] | 100.0[3.75] | 100.0[16.25] | 0.015 | |
| Social | 100.0[0.0] | 100.0[11.25] | 90.0[28.75] | < 0.001 | |
| Fatigue | 75.0[50.0] | 50.0[47.90] | 41.65[50.0] | 0.008 | |
| Sleep | 50.0[75.0] | 64.5[75.0] | 68.75[65.63] | 0.94 | |
| Total Score | 88.73[12.28] | 84.79[17.61] | 77.72[15.72] | < 0.001 |
Variables are presented as n (%), Median[IQR] or mean ± SD
CFS: Clinical frailty scale, FRAIL: Fatigue, Resistance, Ambulation, Illness, Loss of weight, ADL: activities of daily living, IADL: instrumental activities of daily living, MMSE: Mini-mental state examination, GDS: geriatric depression scale, EAT-10: eating-assessment tool-10
a According to subgroup analysis and after Bonferroni correction, the group of the difference was aroused from