. 2023 May 17;5(3):dlad057. doi: 10.1093/jacamr/dlad057

Table 1.

Summary of publications included for review

Citation/ref.	Year	Study country	Study location	Study design	Disease tested	Study population	Biomarker(s)	Ranges (CRP/PCT)	Comparison	Outcomes tested
Sirijaichingkul et al.¹²	2005	Thailand	Inpatient	Prospective cohort	CNS infections	32	CRP	Not specified	Non-comparative	Diagnostic value of CRP for bacterial meningitis
Abdelkader et al.¹³	2014	Egypt	Emergency department	Prospective cohort	CNS infections	40	PCT	Not specified	Non-comparative	Diagnostic value of PCT at admission and 3 days after treatment for bacterial meningitis
Alavi et al.¹⁴	2012	Iran	Inpatient	Prospective cohort	CNS infections	36	PCT	0.5 ng/mL	Non-comparative	Prognostic value of early (24 h) decrease in PCT
Koegelenberg et al.¹⁵	2004.	S Africa	Inpatient	Prospective cohort	Endocarditis	92	CRP	Not specified	Non-comparative	Diagnostic value of CRP for infective endocarditis
Inan et al.¹⁶	2010	Turkey	Inpatient (cardiac surgery)	Retrospective	Endocarditis (Brucella)	31	CRP	Not specified	Non-comparative	Diagnostic value of CRP for Brucella endocarditis
Mohanan et al.¹⁷	2018	India	Inpatient	Prospective cohort	Endocarditis	178	CRP	<3 mg/L	Non-comparative	Prognostic value of CRP for infective endocarditis
Do et al.¹⁸	2016	Vietnam	Outpatient	Randomized controlled trial	Acute respiratory tract infection	2036	CRP	20 mg/L	No biomarker (routine care)	Diagnostic value of CRP in non-severe acute respiratory tract infection
Blake et al.¹⁹	2017	Togo	Inpatient	Prospective cohort	Acute respiratory tract infection	1684	CRP	Not specified	Lyt A rtPCR, blood culture, CXR	Diagnostic value of CRP in community-acquired pneumonia
Borsi et al.²⁰	2019	Iran	Emergency department, and outpatient	Retrospective	Acute respiratory tract infection	50	PCT	Not specified	Non-comparative	Diagnostic value of PCT in acute exacerbation of COPD
Nyamande et al.²¹	2006	S Africa	Inpatient	Prospective cohort	Acute respiratory tract infection	266	PCT	Not specified	Non-comparative	Diagnostic value of PCT for community-acquired pneumonia/and TB in HIV patients
Mendelson et al.²²	2018	S Africa	Inpatient	Prospective cohort	Acute respiratory tract infection	210	CRP, PCT	CRP 10 mg/L, PCT 0.02 μg/L	Composite reference standards	Diagnostic value of PCT and CRP for respiratory tract infections in HIV patients
Sharma et al.²³	2016	India	ICU	Prospective cohort	ARDS	64	CRP, PCT, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α	Not specified	Non-comparative	Prognostic value of PCT and CRP for ARDS patients
Wang et al.²⁴	2019	Uganda	Inpatient	Cross-sectional	Acute respiratory tract infection	173	CRP	Not specified	Non-comparative	Prognostic value of CRP for respiratory tract infections in HIV patients
Saldias-Penafiel et al.²⁵	2019	Chile	Inpatient	Prospective cohort	Acute respiratory tract infection	823	CRP	0–0.5 mg/dL	Non-comparative	Diagnostic and prognostic value of CRP for community-acquired pneumonia
El Maghraby et al.²⁶	2020	Egypt	Inpatient	Cross-sectional	Acute respiratory tract infection	240	PCT	Not specified	Non-comparative	Diagnostic and prognostic value of PCT for community-acquired pneumonia
Tokman et al.²⁷	2014	Uganda	Inpatient	Prospective cohort	Acute respiratory tract infection	635	PCT	0.02−0.5 ng/mL	Non-comparative	Prognostic value of PCT for lower respiratory tract infections in HIV patients
Seligman et al.²⁸	2011	Brazil	ICU	Observatonal cohort	Acute respiratory tract infection	71	PCT, CRP, MR-proANP, copeptin	CRP not specified, PCT 0.1 ng/mL, copeptin 2.25 pmol/L, MR-proANP 1 pmol/L	Non-comparative	Prognostic value of PCT and CRP for ventilator-associated pneumonia
Kiaei et al.²⁹	2015	Iran	ICU	Retrospective	Acute respiratory tract infection	50	PCT, CRP	Not specified	Non-comparative	Efficacy of PCT and CRP in determining antibiotic therapy duration in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia
Wongsurakiat and Tulatamakit³⁰	2018	Thailand	ICU	Prospective non-randomized controlled study	Acute respiratory tract infection	71	PCT	0.02–100 ng/mL	No biomarker (clinical score)	Efficacy of PCT in determining antibiotic therapy duration in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia
Mohd et al.³¹	2021	Malaysia	ICU	Prospective interventional single-blinded	Acute respiratory tract infection	85	PCT	< 0.25 ng/mL	No biomarker (routine care)	Efficacy of PCT in determining antibiotic therapy duration in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia
El-Amin et al.³²	2017	Egypt	Inpatient	Cross-sectional descriptive study	Intra-abdominal infections	100	CRP	Not specified	Non-comparative	Diagnostic value of CRP for infection among patients with liver cirrhosis
Godinez-Vidal et al.³³	2019	México	Inpatient	Retrospective, descriptive, cross-sectional	Intra-abdominal infections	99	PCT	>10.1 ng/mL	Non-comparative	Prognostic value of PCT in abdominal sepsis
Orati et al.³⁴	2013	Brazil	ICU	Retrospective cohort	Intra-abdominal infections	345	CRP	Not specified	Non-comparative	Diagnostic value of CRP in abdominal sepsis
Trivedi et al.³⁵	2016	India	Inpatient	Retrospective	Urinary tract infections	122	CRP	Not specified	Non-comparative	Diagnostic value of CRP in urinary sepsis
Ndamason et al.³⁶	2019	Cameroon	Inpatient	Cross-sectional	Urinary tract infections	128	CRP	Not specified	Non-comparative	Diagnostic value of CRP in urinary sepsis
Arjunlal et al.³⁷	2020	India	Inpatient	Prospective	Urinary tract infections	64	CRP	Not specified	Non-comparative	Prognostic value of CRP in urinary sepsis
Agrawal et al.³⁸	2015	India	Inpatient	Retrospective	Bone and joint infection	81	CRP	Not specified	Non-comparative	Diagnostic value of CRP in osteoarticular infections
George et al.³⁹	2019	India	Inpatient	Retrospective	Bone and joint infection	70	CRP	Not specified	Non-comparative	Diagnostic value of CRP in septic arthritis
Waheed et al.⁴⁰	2019	Egypt	Inpatient	Prospective	Bone and joint infection	44	CRP	Not specified	Non-comparative	Prognostic value of CRP in patients with spondylodiscitis
Sharma et al.⁴¹	2012	India	Inpatient	Prospective	Bone and joint infection	20	CRP	11 mg/dL	Non-comparative	Prognostic value of CRP in patients with severe odontogenic infections
Umapathy et al.⁴²	2018	India	Inpatient	Cross-sectional case-control	Skin and soft tissue infections	185	PCT	30 pg/mL	Biomarkers (CRP, ESR, WBC)	Prognostic value of PCT in diabetic patients with foot ulcers
Bammigatti et al.⁴³	2019	India	Inpatient	Prospective observational	Skin and soft tissue infections	327	PCT	0.03 ng/mL	Non-comparative	Prognostic value of PCT in patients with snake bites
Yousef et al.⁴⁴	2010	Egypt	ICU	Prospective observational	Sepsis and bloodstream infections	106	CRP, leptin, IL-6 and TNF-α	Not specified	Non-comparative	Prognostic value of CRP in patients with sepsis
Mamani et al.⁴⁵	2012	Iran	Inpatient	Case-control	Sepsis and bloodstream infections	90	CRP, fibronectin	Not applicable	Non-comparative	Prognostic value of CRP in patients with sepsis
Ali et al.⁴⁶	2017	Pakistan	ICU	Case series	Sepsis and bloodstream infections	32	CRP, lactate	Not specified	Non-comparative	Prognostic value of CRP in patients with sepsis
Talebi-Taher et al.⁴⁷	2014	Iran	Emergency department	Prospective	Sepsis and bloodstream infections	150	CRP	PCT: 0.5 ng/mL; IL-6: 10 pg/µL, ESR: 17 mm/h for men and 25 mm/h for women; CRP ≥12 mg/L	ESR, PCT, IL-6	Diagnostic value of CRP in elderly patients with sepsis
Premaratna et al.⁴⁸	2015	Sri Lanka	Inpatient	Prospective	Sepsis and bloodstream infections	40	CRP	Not specified	Non-comparative	Diagnostic value of CRP for sepsis in patients with dengue fever
Gupta et al.⁴⁹	2019	India	Inpatient	Prospective	Sepsis and bloodstream infections	305	PCT	>0.5 ng/mL	Non-comparative	Diagnostic value of PCT in patients with sepsis
Sinha et al.⁵⁰	2011	India	ICU	Prospective	Sepsis and bloodstream infections	40	PCT	>0.5 ng/mL	Non-comparative	Diagnostic value of PCT in patients with sepsis
Ghorbani⁵¹	2009	Iran	Emergency department	Cross-sectional	Sepsis and bloodstream infections	100	PCT	0.05 ng/mL	Non-comparative	Diagnostic value of PCT in patients with sepsis
Jain et al.⁵²	2014	India	ICU	Prospective	Sepsis and bloodstream infections	54	PCT	Not specifed	CRP	Prognostic value of PCT in patients with sepsis
Rebello et al.⁵³	2017	India	Inpatient, ICU	Prospective observational	Sepsis and bloodstream infections	112	PCT	Not applicable	Non-comparative	Prognostic value of PCT in patients with sepsis
Mehta et al.⁵⁴	2016	India	ICU	Retrospective observational study	Sepsis and bloodstream infections	100	PCT, BNP	Not specified	Non-comparative	Prognostic value of PCT and NTproBNP in ICU-admitted patients
Dolatabadi et al.⁵⁵	2015	Iran	Emergency department	Cross sectional	Sepsis and bloodstream infections	170	PCT	0.5 ng/mL	PCT before, 6 h after and 24 h after ATBs	Prognostic value of PCT in patients with sepsis
Najafi et al.⁵⁶	2015	Iran	ICU	Prospective, single-blind randomized	Sepsis and bloodstream infections	60	PCT	Not specified	No biomarker	Prognostic value of PCT in patients with sepsis
Lubell et al.⁵⁷	2015	Thailand, Cambodia, Laos	Inpatient/outpatient	Retrospective	Undifferentiated fever	1372	CRP, PCT	Not specified	Non-comparative	Diagnostic value of CRP, PCT in patients with undifferentiated fever
Wangrangsimakul et al.⁵⁸	2018	Thailand	Inpatient	Prospective	Undifferentiated fever	200	CRP, PCT	Not specified	Non-comparative	Diagnostic value of CRP, PCT in patients with undifferentiated fever
Phatlhane et al.⁵⁹	2016	S Africa	Outpatient	Cross-sectional	HIV	110	PCT, IL-6, LBP, CRP, IgG, albumin	Not specified	Non-comparative	Prognostic value of CRP, PCT in HIV-infected patients with diarrhoea
Ramana et al.⁶⁰	2013	India	Outpatient	Prospective	HIV	250	CRP	Not specified	ESR, TLC, Hb, AEC	Prognostic value of CRP in HIV-infected patients with diarrhoea
Zulu et al.⁶¹	2008	Zambia	Not specified	Retrospective	HIV	80	CRP, TNFR p55, MIF, IL-6, IL-12, IFN-γ	0.2 mg/L	Non-comparative	Prognostic value of CRP and cytokines in HIV-infected patients with diarrhoea
Koethe et al.⁶²	2011	Zambia	Outpatient	Prospective observational cohort	HIV	142	CRP, albumin, ferritin	Not specified	Non-comparative	Prognostic value of CRP and other biomarkers in patients with malnutrition and advanced HIV
Bedell et al.⁶³	2018	Malawi	Outpatient	Retrospective	HIV	469	CRP	3.0 - 480 mg/L	Non-comparative	Diagnostic value of CRP for tuberculosis and bloodstream infections in HIV-infected patients
Ledwaba et al.⁶⁴	2012	S Africa	Outpatient	Case-control	HIV	187	CRP, IL-6, D-dimer	CRP 1 mg/mL, IL-6 0.428-8.870 pg/L, D-Dimer 0.5 mg/L	Non-comparative	Prognostic value of CRP and other biomarkers in patients with advanced HIV
Woodd et al.⁶⁵	2016	Zambia, Tanzania	Outpatient	Prospective	HIV	1815	CRP	Not specified	Non-comparative	Prognostic value of CRP in patients with advanced HIV
Haddow et al.⁶⁶	2012	S Africa	Outpatient	Prospective	HIV	498	CRP	Not specified	Non-comparative	Prognostic value of CRP in patients with advanced HIV
Sereti et al.⁶⁷	2020	Kenya, Thailand, USA	Outpatient	Prospective observational	HIV	506	CRP	Not specified	Non-comparative	Prognostic value of CRP in patients with advanced HIV
Kroeze et al.⁶⁸	2019	Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda, Zambia	Not specified	Retrospective	HIV	398	sCD14, sCD163, CRP, CXCL10, IL-6, CCL2, CXCL	Not specified	Non-comparative	Prognostic value of CRP in patients with advanced HIV
Kiefer et al.⁶⁹	2018	Rwanda	Outpatient	Prospective	HIV	695	CRP, D-dimer, transthyretin	Not specified	Non-comparative	Prognostic value of CRP in patients with advanced HIV
Chegou et al.⁷⁰	2016	S Africa, Uganda, Gambia, Malawi, Namibia	Outpatient	Prospective	716	TB	CRP, PCT	Not specified	IL-1ra, TGF-α, IFN-γ, IP-10, TNF-α, IFN-α2, VEGF, MMP-2, MMP-9, ApoA-1, Apo-CIII, transthyretin, CFH, SAA, SAP, fibrinogen, ferritin, TPA, haptoglobulin, α-2-macroglobulin	Diagnostic value of CRP, PCT and other biomarkers in patients with pulmonary TB
Jacobs et al.⁷¹	2016	S Africa	Outpatient	Prospective	TB	55	CRP, PCT	Not specified	NCAM, SAP, IL-1β, sCD40L, IL-13 and Apo A-1	Diagnostic value of CRP, PCT and other biomarkers in patients with pulmonary TB
Berrocal-Almanza et al.⁷²	2016	India	Outpatient	Prospective cohort	TB	119	CRP	Not specified	S100A12, sRAGE, esRAGE, HMGB-1, TNF-α, IFN-γ	Prognostic value of CRP in TB
Worodria et al.⁷³	2011	Uganda	Outpatient	Prospective	TB	247	CRP	<5 mg/L	Non-comparative	Diagnostic value of CRP, in HIV patients with pulmonary TB
Yoon et al.⁷⁴	2017	Uganda	Outpatient	Prospective	TB	1237	CRP	>10 mg/L	Non-comparative	Diagnostic value of CRP for TB in people living with HIV/AIDS
Rajopadhye et al.⁷⁵	2017	India	Not specified	Prospective	TB	50	CRP, NO, TBARS, SOD	Not specified	Non-comparative	Diagnostic value of CRP for TB in people living with HIV/AIDS
Yoon et al.⁷⁶	2019	Uganda	Outpatient	Prospective	TB	1245	CRP	8 mg/L	No biomarker (symptom-based screening)	Diagnostic value of CRP for TB in
Ciccacci et al.⁷⁷	2019	Mozambique	Outpatient	Retrospective	TB	155	CRP	10 mg/L	Neopterin, IP-10	Diagnostic value of CRP for TB in people living with HIV/AIDS
Olsson et al.⁷⁸	2019	Ethiopia	Outpatient	Prospective	TB	260	CRP, PCT	Not specified	CCL5, IP-10, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, IL-27, IFN-γ, suPAR	Diagnostic value of CRP, PCT for TB in people living with HIV/AIDS
Wilson et al.⁷⁹	2011	S Africa	Outpatient	Prospective	TB	364	CRP	Method 1: 0–8 mg/L Method 2: 0–5 mg/L	Non-comparative	Diagnostic value of CRP for TB in people living with HIV/AIDS
Lawn et al.⁸⁰	2013	S Africa	Outpatient	Prospective	TB	496	CRP	50 mg/L	Non-comparative	Diagnostic and prognostic value of CRP for TB in people living with HIV/AIDS
Farr et al.⁸¹	2018	Uganda	Not specified	Retrospective	TB	865	CRP, cytokines	Not specified	Non-comparative	Diagnostic value of CRP and cytokines for TB in people living with HIV/AIDS
de Oliveira et al.⁸²	2019	Brazil	Not specified	Retrospective	TB	50	CRP	<1 mg/dL	No biomarker (3D reconstructed lung imaging)	Prognostic value of CRP in TB
Wilson et al.⁸³	2018	S Africa	Outpatient	Prospective cohort	TB	421	CRP	Not specified	Non-comparative	Prognostic value of CRP in TB
Rasmussen et al.⁸⁴	2011	Guinea-Bissau	Outpatient	Prospective	TB	218	PCT CRP	PCT 0.02–50 ng/mL CRP not specified	CRP	Prognostic value of PCT in TB
Janssen et al.⁸⁵	2017	S Africa	Inpatient	Prospective cohort	TB	60	PCT	Not specified	Non-comparative	Prognostic value of PCT for TB among HIVpatients
Soedarsono et al.⁸⁶	2019	Indonesia	Outpatient	Prospective cohort	TB	30	CRP	0.3−0.5 mg/dL	Non-comparative	Prognostic value of CRP in TB
Epelboin L et al.⁸⁷	2013	French Guiana	Emergency department	Retrospective	Undifferentiated febrile illness	416	CRP	>5 mg/L	No biomarker (clinical score)	Diagnostic value of CRP for malaria and dengue fever
Sanchez-Arcila et al.⁸⁸	2014	Brazil	Outpatient	Prospective	Malaria	264	CRP	0.01–320 μg/mL	Non-comparative	Diagnostic value of CRP for malaria and intestinal parasites coinfection
Peto et al.⁸⁹	2016	Cambodia	Outpatient	Prospective	Malaria	328	CRP	Not applicable	Non-comparative	Diagnostic value of CRP for malaria
Gibson and Huddle⁹⁰	1998	Malawi	Outpatient	Prospective	Malaria	152	CRP	Not specified	Non-comparative	Diagnostic value of CRP for malaria in pregnancy
Mockenhaupt et al.⁹¹	2000	Ghana	Outpatient	Cross-sectional	Malaria	530	CRP	>0.6 mg/dL	Non-comparative	Diagnostic value of CRP for malaria in pregnancy
Hinderaker et al.⁹²	2002	Tanzania	Outpatient	Prospective	Malaria	2547	CRP, ferritin, iron, TIBC, cobalamin, folate, vitamin A, LDH, TFsat	10 mg/L	Non-comparative	Diagnostic value of CRP for malaria in pregnancy
Adegnika et al.⁹³	2006	Gabon	Inpatient	Prospective	Malaria	145	CRP	0.5 −6 mg/L	Non-comparative	Prognostic value of CRP for malaria in pregnancy
Conroy et al.⁹⁴	2011	Malawi	Inpatient	Case-control	Malaria	465	CRP, C3a, C5a, angiopoietin-1, -2, sTie-2, sEndoglin, VEGF, sFlt-1, tissue factor, leptin	Not specified	Non-comparative	Prognostic value of CRP for malaria
Paul et al.⁹⁵	2012	India	Outpatient	Prospective	Malaria	71	CRP	≤5 mg/L	Non-comparative	Prognostic value of CRP for malaria
Mendonca et al.⁹⁶	2013	Brazil	Outpatient	Retrospective	Malaria	530	CRP, liver transaminases, bilirubins, creatinine, fibrinogen, SOD-1, HO-1, cytokines, chemokines	Not specified	Non-comparative	Prognostic value of CRP for malaria
Bhardwaj, et al.⁹⁷	2019	India	Inpatient	Prospective	Malaria	96	CRP	Not applicable	Non-comparative	Prognostic value of CRP for malaria
Lima-Junior et al.⁹⁸	2012	Brazil	Outpatient	Prospective	Malaria	71	CRP, NO, platelets, neutrophils	0.01–320 μg/mL	Non-comparative	Prognostic value of CRP for malaria

AEC, absolute eosinophil count; ApoA-1, apolipoprotein A1; Apo-CIII, apolipoprotein CIII; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; ATB, antibiotic; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; CCL, C motif chemokine ligand; CFH, complement factor H; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRP, C-reactive protein; CXCL10, CXC motif chemokine 10; CXR, chest X-ray; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; esRAGE, endogenous secretory receptor for advanced glycation end products; Hb, haemoglobin; HMGB-1, high-mobility group protein 1; HO-1, haem oxygenase 1; IL-1ra, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist; IP-10, interferon gamma inducible protein 10; LBP, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; Lyt A, autolysin A; MIF, macrophage migration inhibitory factor; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; MR-proANP, midregional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide; NCAM, neural cell adhesion molecule; NO, nitric oxide; PCT, procalcitonin; S100A12, S100 calcium binding protein A12; SAA, serum amyloid A; SAP, serum amyloid P-component; sCD, soluble cluster of differentiation; sCD40L, soluble CD40 ligand; sFlt-1, soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase-1; SOD-1, superoxide dismutase 1; sRAGE, soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products; sTie-2, soluble tyrosine-kinase-receptor; suPAR, soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor; TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TFsat, transferrin saturation; TGF-α, transforming growth factor-α; TIBC, total iron-binding capacity; TLC, total leukocyte count; TNFR p55, tumour necrosis factor receptor p55; TPA, tissue polypeptide antigen; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.