Table 1.

Phytoestrogens conferring neuroprotection against radiation-induced neuronal injury in vivo and in vitro.

Compound	Structure	Treatment (Dose and Duration)	Experimental Model	Radiation (Type, Dose)	Major Outcomes	Mechanism	References
Quercetin		50 mg/kg	Male Wistar-Albino rats, 300–350 g	20 Gy	↑ Neuroprotection ↑ Antioxidant activity	↑Regulate plasma MDA, TAS	[234]
		5-100 μM, 24 hrs	Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons	γ-ray, 2 Gy	↓ Inflammatory responses, ER stress,	↓ BiP and C/EBP ↓ TNF-α, JNK ↑Tuj1, BDNF	[235]
Chrysin		-	Male albino rats, 140-160 g	5 Gy	↓Oxidative damage	↑ GSH,BDNF ↓MDA, TNF-Α, GABA	[237]
		50 mg/kg 21days	Male Wister rats, 120–150 g	γ-ray,5 Gy	↓Oxidative damage	↑Catecholamine content’ creatinine kinase-BB ↓ MDA, β-amyloid, acetylcholinesterase and caspase-3	[236]
Curcumin		200 mg/kg	Kunming mice, 6–7 weeks	Heavy-ion radiation, 4 Gy.	↑ Cognitive functions	↑SOD, MDA ↓ NAD(P)H, NQO1, HO-1, γ-GCS	[240]
		150 mg/kg, 7 days	-	γ-ray, 15 Gy	↓ Heart injury	↑IL-4 ↓ Duox1 and Duox2	[246]
Flaxseed oil	--	100 µl/mice/day (21days)	Swiss albino 6-8 weeks, 25±2 gm	7 Gy	↓ Oxidative damage	↓ Lipid peroxidation (LPO), ↑ Glutathione (GSH)	[238]
Resveratrol		5 -10 mg/kg, 21 days	Male Sprague Dawley rats, 200-220 g	γ-ray, 4-Gy	↑ Apoptosis ↑ Oxidative damage	↑ Sirt1 mRNA ↑ ROS-scavenging	[242]
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)		2.5-5 mg/kg/d	Male Wister rats	γ-ray, 4 Gy	↓DNA damage and apoptosis	↓ Homocysteine, ↓ Amyloid β, TNF-α, IL-6 levels ↑ Dopamine and serotonin ↓ Cytochrome-c, Bax, and caspase-3 and 9 ↑ Bcl-2	[243]
Silymarin		140 mg/kg/d	Rat model	γ-ray, 0.2-0.6 Gy	↑ Repair DNA damage	↑Nucleic acids, histone proteins stability ↓Free radical generation ↓Lipid peroxidation	[244]
Baicalein		10 mg/kg/d	C57BL/6 mice	γ-ray, 5 Gy	↑ Neurogenesis regulation	↑BDNF-pCREB	[245]