Table 2.

Neuroprotective activities of phytoestrogens against neurodegenerative hallmarks.

Compound	Estrogen Receptor Preference	Effect on Neurodegeneration				References
		Dose	Experimental Model	Cellular Mechanism	Molecular Mechanism
Quercetin	ERβ-selective agonist	0-150 μM	P19 neurons	↓Oxidative injury	↓ROS production ↑Caspase-3/7	[265]
			RSC96 and rat Schwann cells	↓Autophagy	↑Beclin-1 ↑LC3	[266]
		0-25 μM	HT22 cell	↓Ca2+ excitotoxicity	↓Glutamate-mediated Ca2+ influx ↓Bid and Bax, and Cyt-c release	[267]
Chrysin	ERα, ERβ-selective agonist [268]	100 mg/kg, p.o.	Male Wistar rats	↓Neuroinflammation	↓Pro-inflammatory markers, i.e, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, NF-κB, iNOS and COX-2	[269]
		5 and 10 µg/ml	Wistar rats	↓Oxidative stress	↑NRF2/HO-1 pathway activation	[270]
Resveratrol	ERα, ERβ-selective agonist [271]	10 and 50 μg/ml	NMDA induced neuronal injury	↓Neuronal death	↑Intracellular calcium ↑ROS generation	[272]
		20 μM	SH-SY5Y cells	↓Autophagic flux	↑LC3-II ↑HO-1 expression.	[273]
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)	ERα-selective agonist [274]	1.5 or 3 mg/kg	PS2 transgenic mice model	↓Protein aggregation	↑Memory function ↑α-secretase activity ↓β- and γ-secretase activities	[275]
		25-100 μM	GO induced neurotoxicity in H 19-7 cells	↓Oxidative stress	↑Nrf2 activation	[276]