TABLE 2.
NCs compounds and their production methods for RES delivery for AD therapy and intranasal delivery of RES.
| Carrier | Material | Coating | Development phase | Major findings | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SLN | Cetyl palmitate (solid lipid) & polysorbate 80 (surfactant) | ApoE | In vitro | RES‐ SLNs transfer via the BBB, where SLNs remarkably enhanced RES permanence (1.8‐fold better) in the BBB contrasted to free‐RES. | Neves et al., 2016 [162] |
| Lipid‐core nanocapsules | Poly (‐caprolactone), capric/caprylic triglyceride, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate 80 | No | In vivo | Improved bio diffusion of RES in the brain and decreased the harmful effects of Aβ on memory and learning, and reduced inflammatory factors. | Frozza et al., 2013 [166] |
| SLN | Solid lipid cetyl palmitate, polysorbate 80 | DSPE‐PEG, LissRhod‐PE | In vitro | Enhancement of the anti‐aggregation function of RES, and the prohibition of amyloid plaques fibrillation. | Loureiro et al., 2017 [14] |
| SLN | Stearic acid, lecithin, Taurocholate | No | In vivo | Increase of the RES bioavailability, overexpression of Nrf2/HO1, and a decrease in degenerative change. | Yadav et al., 2018 [167] |
| Se‐NPs | Na2SeO3,Milli‐Q water | No | In vivo | Enhancing expression of Sirt1, PI3K protein, and reducing IL‐1β level, improvement in the neurocognitive ability. | Abozaid et al., 2022 [168] |
| PNPs | Methoxy‐polyethyleneglycol, caprolactone, acetone | No | In vivo, in vitro | RES alleviates damage from γ ‐ray radiation and Aβ ‐peptide neurotoxicity in C. elegans via ROS scavenging. | Yin et al., 2014 [170] |
| Polymeric micelles | Poly‐caprolactone, PEG | No | In vitro | RES protected PC12 cells from Aβ‐induced through decreasing oxidative and activity of caspase‐3 in a dose‐dependent manner. | Lu et al., 2009 [169] |
| CT‐NM | PEG‐PLA micelles, MPEG‐PLA, TPP‐PEG‐PLA micelles | No | In vivo | RES scavenged mitochondrial ROS effectively to decrease oxidative damage, decreased Aβ aggregation, and up‐regulated Sirt1 expression. | Yang et al., 2020 [171] |
| Nanostructured lipid carrier | Cetyl palmitate, Capmul MCM, acrysol, poloxamer 188, tween 80 | In situ hydrogel (gellan gum, xanthan gum) | Intranasal delivery (in vivo) | Enhanced delivery of RES to the brain through the nasal mucosa | Rajput et al., 2018 [205] |
| Nanoemulsion | Labrasol, Transcutol, tween 80 | Vitamin E | Intranasal delivery (in vivo) | Better bioavailability of RES in the brain, effective targeting ability of nanoemulsion when given intranasally | Pangeni et al., 2014 [206] |
| Polymeric nanoparticles | Polysorbate 80, dichloromethane, polyvinyl alcohol, and polylactide | N/A | Intranasal delivery (in vivo) | The neuroprotective action of RES‐loaded polymeric nanoparticles displayed against behavioural, cognitive, and chronic neurological changes induced by MPTP (1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine) | Lindner et al., 2015 [207] |
| Lipidic nanoemulsion | Labrafac lipophile, labarafac PG, Cremophor RH, tween 80 | Hyaluronic acid | Intranasal delivery (in vivo) | Intranasal delivery indicated enhanced bioavailability of RES in the brain tissue | Nasr et al., 2016 [208] |
| Nanosuspension | Deacetylated gellan gum, ethanol | In situ gel (deacetylated gellan gum) | Intranasal delivery (in vivo | Bioavailability of RES in the brain tissue showed more than 2 twice increased availability in the intranasal route than in the intravenous route | Hao et al., 2016 [114] |
| Cubosomes | Glycerol monooleate, poloxamer 407 | In situ gel | Intranasal delivery (in vivo | Res‐loaded cubosomes illustrated further permeability and elevated bioavailability in the brain in the intranasal route. | Ahirrao and Shrotriya, 2017 [209] |
Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer's disease; CT‐NM, neuronal mitochondria‐targeted micelle encapsulating; DSPE, 1,2‐Distearoyl‐sn‐Glycero‐3‐Phosphoethanolamine; MPEG‐PLA, Methoxy poly‐ethylene‐glycol‐poly‐lactide‐acid; NCs, nanocarriers; RES, resveratrol.