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. 2023 Apr 27;15(4):497–514. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v15.i4.497

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©The Author(s) 2023. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial.

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Frank-Starling curves in septic shock. Every fluid bolus will lead in a change in pressure (Δ P) and a change in stroke volume (Δ SV). The effect of fluids on cardiac output among patients with normal (upper curve) and impaired (lower curve) myocardial function is depicted. Even among patients with normal myocardial reserve, excess fluid administration may significantly increase pressure without significantly increasing stroke volume, which may ultimately lead to anasarca. Δ P: Change in pressure; Δ SV: Change in stroke volume.