FIGURE 2.

Antitumor immunity enhanced by biomimetic nanomedicine ABNM@TMZ/OTX. (A) Schematic illustration of antitumor immune response and enhanced chemo‐immunotherapy induced by ABNM@TMZ/OTX against GL261 cells. TMZ chemotherapy activates innate antitumor immune responses via induction of ICD, co‐delivery of OTX suppresses the expression of PD‐L1, promotes tumor T cell activation, induces antitumor immune responses, turns “cold” GBM into “hot” tumor, and achieves combinational tumor therapy. Serum concentrations of (B) IFN‐γ, (C) TNF‐α, and (D) IL‐6 at 24, 72, and 168 h post treatment. Treatment with ABNM@TMZ/OTX induced antitumor immunity in vivo. (E) Activated dendritic cells (DCs) in tumor‐draining lymph nodes in mice treated with ABNM@TMZ/OTX, ABNM@TMZ, ABNM@OTX, free TMZ/OTX, or free TMZ. A single dose of 5.0 mg TMZ equiv./kg and/or 5.0 mg OTX equiv./kg was intravenously injected into tumor bearing mice. Following sacrifice 72 h after treatment, anti‐80‐PE and anti‐CD86‐APC were used to stain CD80 and CD86 markers in DCs. Mice treated with PBS were used as controls (n = 3). Infiltration of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells in tumor (F) and blood (G) by flow cytometry which were taken from GL261‐Luc mice 72 h post injection treated with ABNM@TMZ/OTX (5 mg TMZ equiv. kg⁻¹, 5 mg OTX equiv. kg⁻¹)