TABLE 1.

Electrospun fiber‐based materials for flexible bioelectronics and tissue engineering

Entry	Composition	Fiber structure	Properties and functions	Applications	Ref.
Flexible bioelectronics	Core: PVDF‐BTO Shell: PVDF‐GO	Core‐shell	Piezoelectricity, conductivity, sensitivity of 10.89 ± 0.5 mV kPa–1	Human motion monitoring and tactile imaging	[7]
	PVA/Polyurethane/Au	Solid, random	Ultrathin nanomesh without sensory interference	Finger force monitoring	[29]
	PU	Solid, random	Flexibility, no interference	Pulsing cardiomyocytes monitoring	[30]
	Outer shell: PVA Inner shell: DA Core: PVDF	Core‐shell, aligned	Humid sensitivity and selectivity	Mental sweating monitoring	[31]
	PVDF/BTO	NPs‐embedded, random	Lightweight, sensitivity of 3.95 V N−1	Physiological monitoring	[32]
	Core: PVDF Shell: hydroxylamine hydrochloride	Core/shell, random	Self‐orientated nanocrystals, enhance β‐phase of PVDF	Detection of cardiovascular micropressure	[33]
	Core: PVDF Shell: DA	Core/shell, random	Enhance β‐phase of PVDF, soft, piezoelectricity	Detection of diaphragm motions and blood pulsation	[34]
	Silver‐doped PVDF	Aligned	Flexibility, enhanced piezoelectricity than random one	Respiratory monitoring	[35]
	PVDF‐TrFE, PU, PVDF‐HFP	Random	Triboelectric, piezoresistive, thermoresistive sensing	Human motion and breathing sensors	[36]
	P(VDF‐TrFE)/BTO	NPs‐anchored, random	Self‐powered, 84 V, 1.32 μA	Implantable vagal neuromodulation stimulator	[38]
	PVDF‐TrFE	Aligned	Piezoelectricity, electromechanical stimulation, ion channel modulation	Piezo‐bioelectronics	[39]
	PCL/gelatin	Random	Biomimicking of heart matrix, porous, penetrative	Cell electrical activity recording and therapeutic control	[40]
	BTO crystals	Solid, random	Flexibility, fast response time of 80 ms	Piezoelectric sensors	[76]
	Silica	fiber fragment	High robustness, transparent, conductivity of 3.93 S m–1	Pulse and handwriting detecting	[77a]
	Carbon nanotube (CNTs)	Yarn	Flexibility, 3D‐printed, temperature sensitivity of 1.95%°C−1	Wearable temperature sensor	[83a]
Tissue engineering	Inner layer: HAp‐loaded gelatin Outer layer: antibacterial agent‐loaded PCL	Random inner and aligned outer layer	Enhanced osteogenic and antibacterial effects, macrophages polarization	Bone regeneration	[41]
	MSN‐based PCL/gelatin	Particle‐embedded, random	Dual‐delivery for increased bone formation and inhibited bone resorption	Bone regeneration	[47a]
	PCL/HAp	Honeycomb‐like	Differentiated bone cells without chemical factor	Maxillofacial repair in bone regeneration	[49]
	MgO‐loaded PLA/gelatin	NPs‐embedded. random	Biodegradable, elevated mechanical, antibacterial, and osteogenic properties	Periodontal tissue regeneration	[64]
	Gelatin/PLGA	3D‐printing scaffolds, latticed	Chondrocytes‐laden, good elasticity, and water‐induced shape memory	Cartilage regeneration	[83b]
	PCL/poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB)/PANi	Bioactive molecular‐laden	Enhanced piezoelectricity, prolonged drug release, enhanced osteogenesis, and mineralization	Bone tissue engineering	[85]
	PVDF/FeOOH	Nanorod on fiber	Ultrasonic‐driven piezoelectricity and ion release, neural differentiation	Neural tissue engineering	[19]
	SMPs	Aligned, 4‐channel tubular conduit	Bioinspired, degradable, cell‐laden	Peripheral nerve regeneration	[27a]
	Gelatin methacrylate (GelMA)	Aligned conduit	Inducing neural differentiation, inhibiting the glial scar formation	Spinal cord regeneration	[78]
	PCL	Aligned	Functionalized with gradient concentration of NGF, similar performance with autograft	Sciatic nerve regeneration	[86]
	PCL/silk fibroin/CNTs	Interwoven aligned	Promoted cell maturation and endothelialization	Artificial 3D cardiac anisotropy for cardiac tissue regeneration	[26a]
	PLGA, PVDF, cellulose	Aligned and helix yarn	Highly stretchable, promoted myogenic differentiation	Various tissue engineering	[26b]
	CNTs sheets	Superaligned	Efficient electrotonic propagation, reduced signal dispersion	Myocardial resynchronization in cardiac tissues	[54]
	GelMA	Random	Tissue‐adhesive patch, optimized mechanical and conductive properties, restore electromechanical coupling	Cardiac tissue regeneration	[77b]
	PU	Aligned array onto a latticed gauze fiber	Self‐pumping the biofluid, faster re‐epithelialization, and collagen formation	Wound healing for skin regeneration	[44]
	PCL/F‐127	3D scaffold with radially or vertically aligned nanofibers	Enhanced re‐epithelialization or granulation tissue formation in the diabetic wound	Diabetic wound healing	[58]
	PLGA/fish collagen	Random, aligned and latticed	Better healing effect and immunomodulatory properties for the aligned one	Wound healing for skin regeneration	[81]
	PLGA/PCL	Rolling up into tubular scaffolds	Three cell lineages‐laden to form a biomimetic vessel, controllable shape during biodegradation	Vascular tissue engineering	[45]
	PCL	Double layered tube Inner: random Outer: orientated	3 mm diameter, endothelial progenitor cells and differentiation of MSCs into smooth muscle cells	Vascular tissue engineering	[72]
	PCL/GelMA	Self‐rolled from 2D surface into 3D tubular shape at 37°C	Desirable endothelial cell attachment, deformation properties	3D endothelialization	[79b]