case study (key)	technology classification/specific intervention	year	cost (2016 USD)	Industry	Problematic Process	Employer Description of Risk Factors#	Back/Legs risk - %tile reduction	Upper Extremity risk - %tile reduction	effect on productivity	Employee acceptance	injuries preventable by the intervention (category)	injuries preventable by the intervention (event/exposure)
1	CNC/Cutting (Stone)	2014	321,343	Cut Stone and Stone Product Manufacturing	Manual edge miter tasks creating slurry on stone surface	Hand mitering of edges for cut stone requires excessive forceful exertions and deficient back and shoulder postures. High forceful exertions (lifting, carrying, pushing and pulling).	98.5	99.7	↑	Acceptance	none	none
2	Automated/Filling, weighing	2008	130,865	Polish and Other Sanitation Good Manufacturing	Manually filling Buckets with product using fill hoses and then manually lifting, carrying and palletizing filled buckets	Repetitive motions every few seconds with a grip of more than a 10 pound load. Awkward Postures include unsupported shoulder with arm or elbow above mid-torso height. Hard/Sharp objects press into skin. Severe forward bending of the torso more than 45°. Twisting Torso. The pails being handled weigh approx. 45 lbs.	98.5	50.7	?	Acceptance	Burn (1) Contact Dermatitis and other eczema (1) Sprains - other (1) Sprains - upper extremity (3) Sprains-Back (2)	Caught in or compressed by equipment or objects (1) Exposure to other harmful substances (2) Overexertion involving outside sources (5)
3	CNC/Routing	2014	33,709	Plastic Products Manufacturing	Operating drill press and hand-held pneumatic rotary tool	Repetitive stress on the wrist, forearm, and shoulders of the drill press operator. deburring operator. Wrist: Gripping the tools with force, turning and rotating wrists. Forearm: Rotating motion is repetitive causing stress on forearm. Non-neutral posture of the shoulder:	30.2	97.7	↔	Acceptance	none	none
4	Automated/Palletizing	2010	5,174,800	Cheese Manufacturing	Manual handling of pallets, stacking boxes on pallets and shrink boxes on pallets.	Constant repetitive motion to manually stack 6–30 lb product onto a pallet from floor to waist requiring bending, flexing and overextending of the back. Fully stacked pallets can weigh anywhere from 468Ibs to 2000Ibs and are manually moved with a hand truck.	97.6	57.8	↔	Not Described	Contusion (8) Crushing Injury (1) Fracture - lower extremity (1) Open Wounds (3) Sprains - lower extremity (3) Sprains - other (1) Sprains - upper extremity (1) Sprains-Back (4) Superficial injury (1)	Falls on same level (6) Other exertions or bodily reactions (2) Overexertion involving outside sources (5) Slip or trip without fall (1) Struck against object or equipment (5) Struck by object or equipment (4)
5	CNC/Vertical Machining	2011	152,688	Railroad Rolling Stock Manufacturing	Hand operations such as putting chamfers on parts	Back injury from lifting plate from cart to band saw machine or burning table. Strains, sprains, broken bones, abrasions or contusions from falling parts; back injury from restacking finished parts on carts.	96.4	36.5	↑	Not Described	none	none
6	CNC/Vertical Machining	2010	66,075	Construction Machinery Manufacturing	Manual repetitive operation of a drill press quill	Exposure to chemical hazards while drilling. Exposure to continuous heavy loads in the 75 – 90 pound range that are of awkward shape. Due to the multiple drilling operations, the parts must be handled several times. Repetitive arm, hand and shoulder motion due to the nature of pulling the hand lever up and down.	76.8	94.9	↑	Not Described	Open Wounds (1)	Struck against object or equipment (1)
7	Automated/Bottling	2013	60,500	Breweries	Manual bottling sanitizing, filling & capping using bottle filler and bottle capper.	No narrative description of risk factors.	92.6	24.1	↑	Acceptance	none	none
8	CNC/Routing	2010	84,882	Plastic Products Manufacturing	Hand finishing and trimming including counterboring, routing, drilling, cutting and sanding	Hand trimming of fiberglass reinforced composites requires the operators to constantly move, flip and rotate small to very large parts. Awkward, poor ergonomic postures, vibration, extended reaches, and heavy forces needed to operate the trimming tools. Vibration—the body must absorb the vibration of the tool as it cuts. Extended reaches due to bulkiness of many products. Heavy forces—pressure must be added to allow the tools to cut, trim, and drill.	19.0	89.9	↑	Not Described	Fracture - upper extremity (1) Soft tissue/Enthesopathy (3)	Overexertion involving outside sources (3) Struck by object or equipment (1)
9	CNC/Cutting (Stone)	2013	230,772	Cut Stone and Stone Product Manufacturing	Use of pneumatic and electric hand-held powered tools to edge detail	Stone is moved on average 4 to 6 times during the fabrication process and staging for installation. The major injury concerns for these tasks are the weight handled [of the router/edger itself, excessive repetitive motions, forceful exertions, and awkward body postures of the back, neck, shoulder, arms and hands. Pressure produced by coming into contact with sharp edges and tools.	76.8	89.9	↑	Acceptance	none	none
10	CNC/Cutting (Vinyl,carpet)	2004	27,909	Floor Covering Manufacturing	Cutting carpet or vinyl with a knife	Manually cutting vinyl and carpet places employees in uncomfortable positions (working on knees), but also exposes them to cutting injuries.	50.6	82.0	↑	Acceptance	none	none
11	CNC/Cutting (Metal)	2014	30,538	Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing	Operating a horizontal band saw	Forceful exertions of the upper extremities to lift 48–60 lbs saw handle. The current saw requires manual clamping and un-clamping of the stock by turning a tightening wheel and manually moving the material forward in the saw. Twisting, turning and bending repetitively while using the saw. Awkward postures of the upper extremities and lower extremities.	36.7	76.9	↑	Acceptance	none	none
12	CNC/Plasma cutting	2013	51,355	Sheet Metal Work Manufacturing	Manual cutting, and notching using non-powered hand snips and tools	Exposure to repetitive usage of hand tools — static standing and bending over — awkward postures to the wrists and elbows. Repetition of using manually powered hand tools to cut, notch, trim up to 12 cuts on a piece of sheet metal.	50.6	71.1	↑	Acceptance	none	none
13	Automated/Knot brush assembly	2003	84,299	Broom, Brush, and Mop Manufacturing	Knot wheel machine for brush manufacturing	Leaning and reaching across the machine and above shoulder level. Repetition of pulling the last knot away from the point of operation. Risk involving gloved hand where pinch points and rotating machine parts are present.	14.6	64.7	↑	Acceptance	Fracture - upper extremity (1)	Caught in or compressed by equipment or objects (1)
14	CNC/Die press cutting	2003	52,835	Electromedical and Electrotherapeutic Apparatus Manufacturing	Die cutting machine and manual pull of vinyl from roll across dies	Pulling on five layers of vinyl utilizing a pinch grip. Each roll of vinyl stock weighs up to 100 lbs. and is fed from a free wheeling pin.Repetitive awkward postures while die cutting continuous sheet (roll) vinyl. Extended reaching (using force), Upper torso twisting, Forceful gripping (pinch and power), Reaching above the shoulders. Awkward posture wrist & elbow.	64.6	24.1	↑	Acceptance	Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (1) Disc Disorders (1) Soft tissue/Enthesopathy (2) Sprains - lower extremity (1) Sprains - Neck (2) Sprains - upper extremity (3)	Overexertion involving outside sources (6) Repetitive motions involving microtasks (3) Slip or trip without fall (1)
15	Robot/Pick & place (Vertical packer)	2005	640,948	Other Snack Food Manufacturing	Manual picking and placing bags in boxes	Number of repetitions and speed involved to place the bag into the box. We experience injuries related to hands, wrists, forearms, elbows, upper arms, and shoulders. Most of them are sprain/strain type injuries, but others escalate to CTS and tendonitis involving time away from work or surgery.	64.6	43.5	↑	Not Described	Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (1) Diseases of the Nervous System and Sense Organs (1) Soft tissue/Enthesopathy (3) Sprains - upper extremity (3) Sprains-Back (2)	Falls on same level (1) Other exertions or bodily reactions (1) Overexertion involving outside sources (5) Repetitive motions involving microtasks (3)
16	Automated/Blending,weighing	2013	60,129	Plastics Product Manufacturing	Manual transfer using buckets and shovel	Repetitive reaching and lifting in forward bending posture. Use of a shovel to loosen up the resin. Bending over the edge of the gaylords and reaching down into the gaylords that are as much as 46” deep and lifting buckets weighing 20 to 30 pounds out of the gaylords.	64.6	24.1	↑	Acceptance	none	none
17	Automated/Bottling,labelling	2016	75,194	Breweries	Manually placing labels on bottles and stacking on pallet	Manual material handling (lifting, lowering, carrying, bending, twisting), repetition per month of over 1000, double/triple handling, handling weight. Exposure to awkward body posture of the lower extremities, upper extremities, and trunk. Exposure to hand, wrist, arm, and shoulder repetition. Exposing employees to possible carpal tunnel syndrome.	64.6	30.0	↑	Acceptance	none	none
18	Automated/Channel bending	2010	85,346	Sign Manufacturing	Manual metal bending tools	Bending and notching, exertion of high amounts of force while often assuming awkward postures to form the letters. The injury risk is increased as the size, thickness, and hardness of the alloy increases.	57.7	57.8	↑	Not Described	none	none
19	Robot/Pick & place (Micro electronics)	2011	77,672	Photographic Film, Paper, Plate, and Chemical Manufacturing	Manual methods for membrane switch assembling	Using hand tools and techniques to pinch and grip with the hands and wrists. Physical hazards include material handling of small parts, being struck by moving parts, poor tool design, repeated motion, and poor workspace layout.	14.6	57.8	↑	Not Described	none	none
20	Robot/Universal Robot UR10 (collaborative robot application)	2015	51,429	Precision Turned Product Manufacturing	Rotating chamfer and sander tool (not fully described)	Operators use hand, wrist, elbow and shoulder movements repetitively over the 10 hour work shift at a frequency of approximately 68 parts per hour. The operator is required to make approximately 6 movements per part. The average part weight is up to 10 pounds. Required grip pressure to grasp parts is approximately 2 psi. Hand intensive work with Lifting, Repetitive motion, and Vibration exposure.	30.2	57.8	↔	Acceptance	none	none
21	CNC/Routing	2014	54,229	Sporting and Athletic Goods Manufacturing	Hand-held router	Above average size and weight and long or awkwardly shaped products (20–90 lbs) preclude use of machines to efficiently move. Cutting, drilling, routing, and assembly are all performed at one station. Repetitive hand vibration and force exertion.	57.7	18.8	↑	Acceptance	none	none
22	CNC/Routing	2013	109,834	Architectural Metal Products Manufacturing	Hand cutting sheet metal wall panels	Employees carry sheets from one station to the next. The risk of injury increases due to handling multiple times carrying, kneeling, bending, and pushing.	30.2	50.7	?	Not Described	Open Wounds (1)	Struck by object or equipment (1)
23	CNC/Cutting (Rubber)	2013	151,316	Rubber Product Manufacturing for Mechanical Use	Box cutters and knives to manually cut different rubber products	The major injury concerns for this job tasks, are the weight of the various materials carried, lifted and transporting to the cutting tables. Also, there are forceful exertions and awkward body postures of the back. neck, shoulder, arms, wrist and hands while hand cutting the various rubber types.	50.6	50.7	↑	Acceptance	none	none
24	CNC/Routing	2014	63,059	Custom Architectural Woodwork and Millwork Manufacturing	CNC machine with one operating head and hand-held power and non-power tools	Repetitive motion injuries and ergonomic related injuries from lifting and/or pushing or pulling of lumber or material.	43.5	24.1	↑	Acceptance	none	none
25	Robot/Fanuc ArcMate 100iB	2015	53,471	Plastics Product Manufacturing	Manually trimming plastic molded gate	Hand intensive work with repetitive motion.	30.2	43.5	↔	Acceptance	none	none
26	CNC/Cutting (Fabric)	2010	97,241	Upholstered Household Furniture Manufacturing	Scissors, electric cutter and cutting table	Awkward wrist postures when cutting fabric. Working with hands above shoulder height to remove fabric from racks. Awkward postures of the back and shoulder when reaching to position and cut fabric on the cutting table.	36.7	36.5	↑	Not Described	none	none
27	CNC/Vertical Machining	2004	81,788	Hand Tool Manufacturing	Manual drill press	Repetitive motion of the hands and wrist. Pinch grasp in movement of part from the tray to the point of operation. Awkward position of head and neck when completing a 2 part drill.	7.9	36.5	↑	Acceptance	Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (1) Soft tissue/Enthesopathy (1)	Overexertion involving outside sources (1) Repetitive motions involving microtasks (1)
28	CNC/Cutting (Polymer sheets)	2012	77,214	Commercial Screen Printing	Various equipment, including band saw, router, drill press, table saw, miter saw, table saw, rip saws, and utility knives.	Lifting, manipulating and pushing materials (weighing up to 83 lbs) against a saw gate through a moving saw blade. Exposure in the cutting area averaged about 900 work hours per year over the past 2 years. Strains and sprains are also possible due to the material handling and manipulation of both the material and the tools. Awkward postures and extended reaches are the norm.	19.0	30.0	↑	Not Described	Open Wounds (1)	Struck against object or equipment (1)
29	CNC/Cutting (Stone)	2013	138,512	Cut Stone and Stone Product Manufacturing	Stone saw and hand-held pneumatic stone polishing tools	Push and pull issues on the saw cutting table along with lifting and moving pieces to the rolling cart. Employees maintaining static work and hand/arm/elbow -postures during repetitive hand tool cutting/buffing/deburring granite marble counter tops.	24.2	24.1	↑	Not Described	none	none
30	Automated/Marking,etching machine	2011	31,967	Fabricated Pipe and Pipe Fitting Manufacturing	Embed serial numbers on to metal pipe using hammer or Hilti gun	Large hammer forces to embed the serial numbers into the metal. The hammer weighs 2 pounds. Jarring of the shoulder occurs on impact. Sustained postures must be maintained by the left hand to hold the number stamp in place. Grip and hold the stamp in place for the 3–5 minutes of stamping. Awkward shoulder and elbow postures are needed to hold the 11 lb gun tool in the proper position.	14.6	24.1	↑	Not Described	none	none
31	Robot/Daihen OTC DR4000 welding	2015	27,420	Leather Good and Allied Product Manufacturing	Manually controlled welder, welding fixtures, deburrer	Welding in awkward positions repetitively. Sometimes employees must weld on their back or knees. Hand intensive work with repetitive motion.	19.0	10.7	↑	Acceptance	Foreign Body, Eye (1) Open Wounds (1)	Rubbed or abraded by friction or pressure (1) Struck by object or equipment (1)
32	Automated/Weld controlling	2013	26,133	Fabricated Wire Product Manufacturing	High-speed vertical pedestal sander (abrasive belt polisher)	Employees polish 400 parts per hour equating to 30,000 wrist movements per week. Exposures include hands and wrists flexing and extending repeatedly, soft tissue compression, rotating forearms and twisted and unsupported backs, vibration from the sanding belt motion, and pinching and gripping the part. Pressure applied to hold the part against the sanding belt.	14.6	5.4	↔	Not Described	Soft tissue/Enthesopathy (1)	Overexertion and bodily reaction, unspecified (1)
33	Robot/Universal Robots UR5	2015	85,063	Electroplating, Plating, Polishing, Anodizing, and Coloring	Manually hold work piece in chemical bath for selective plating	Operator constantly holds the work piece with awkward hand placement and the forearm flexed. This process is very repetitive in nature and creates a great deal of fatigue for our operators. Employees must turn their head frequently during the plating process. Some pressure force must be applied to the work piece against the anode during the plating process as well.	14.6	2.5	↑	Acceptance	none	none
34	CNC/Plasma cutting	2003	60,560	Plumbing, Heating, and Air-Conditioning Contractors	Manual handling and cutting sheet metal	Risk factors of awkward postures, forceful exertions, contact stress and repetitive motions (low-moderate) are present in the cutting and notching tasks. Ulnar deviation while holding snips/shears. Forceful exertion to cut metal, contact stress on fingers from the handles			↑	Not Described	none	none
35	CNC/Lathe	2004	314,774	Fabricated Pipe and Pipe Fitting Manufacturing	Operation of manual pipe threading machines	Identical or similar motions performed every few seconds; pinching more than 2 lbs; gripping more than 10 lbs; neck twisting/bending; forceful gripping with the fingers to hold an object; localized vibration; shoulder unsupported with arm above mid-torso height; mild forward or lateral bending.			↑	Not Described	Contusion (1) Fracture - lower extremity (1) Fracture - upper extremity (1) Open Wounds (6) Soft tissue/Enthesopathy (1) Sprains - Neck (1) Sprains - other (1) Sprains - upper extremity (1) Sprains-Back (4)	Caught in or compressed by equipment or objects (2) Contact with objects and equipment, unspecified (1) Other exertions or bodily reactions (1) Overexertion involving outside sources (6) Struck against object or equipment (3) Struck by object or equipment (4)
36	CNC/Plasma cutting	2004	60,989	Plumbing, Heating, and Air-Conditioning Contractors	Cutting and notching sheet metal using sheers, notching machine and snips.	Risk of airborne pieces of metal has been the cause of two eye injuries. Another exposure is Carpal Tunnel Syndrome due to the squeezing of snips and repetitious actions during the cutting and folding process of manual layout.			↑	Not Described	Foreign Body, Eye (1) Open Wounds (2)	Contact with objects and equipment, unspecified (1) Struck by object or equipment (2)
37	Automated/Demolding (Rubber)	2004	59,273	Rubber Product Manufacturing	Operator tends rubber injection molding machine - demolding parts	The demolding operation exposes the operator to smoke from the vulcanization process which has irritated some operators, though minimal chemical exposure risks are present. The majority of the risk is physical - crush forces ranging from 70 to 550 tons and temperatures ranging 340°F to 425°F.			↓	Not Described	none	none
38	Automated/Forming (Sheet metal - ducts)	2004	282,021	Plumbing, Heating, and Air-Conditioning Contractors	Sheet metal fabrication stations and use of flat sheet metal stock	Because of the size and weight of flat stock sheets handled, fabricators experience continual strain on the back, shoulders, legs and arms. Sharp edges and corners expose workers to lacerations and puncture wounds.			?	Acceptance	Contusion (1) Crushing Injury (2) Fracture - upper extremity (1) Open Wounds (4) Sprains - upper extremity (1) Sprains-Back (3)	Caught in or compressed by equipment or objects (3) Overexertion involving outside sources (4) Struck against object or equipment (2) Struck by object or equipment (3)
39	CNC/Punching, shearing	2005	89,175	Metal Service Centers and Other Metal Merchant Wholesalers	Steel punch, drill and shear equipment and associated manual handling	Physical demands to push, pull, maneuver the heavy steel into place weighing in excess of 100 lbs. Awkward positions to hold the steel in place, thus exposing employees to the potential hazards of tripping, or falling into the path of other work being performed. Pinched fingers, cuts or lacerations are common due to the manual manipulation of heavy steel and sharp edges.			↑	Not Described	none	none
40	Automated/Forming (Sheet metal - ducts)	2004	606,264	Plumbing, Heating, and Air-Conditioning Contractors	Manual sheet metal coil feeding equipment	The weight, awkwardness, and sharpness of the sheet metal has potential for a back injury or lacerations. We are lifting 200 – 400 pieces with various weights. Rolls of insulation weighing 30 lbs must be lifted overhead and placed on a rod. The insulating duct requires the lifting that could weigh as much as 80 lbs. Cutting insulation with a razor knife. Potential hazards - possibility of inhaling fiberglass from the insulation or the solvent in the glue, and lacerations due to cutting with a razor knife.			↑	Not Described	Cellulitis or abscess (1) Open Wounds (1)	Overexertion involving outside sources (1) Struck against object or equipment (1)
41	Automated/Molding	2005	127,692	Aluminum Foundries (except Die-Casting)	Mold “squeezer table” and air driven ram.	Lifting portions of the mold weighing 50–100 lbs, 100–150 times every day. As a result, there is a great deal of strain on the fingers, wrists, arms, shoulders, and back.			↓	Not Described	Disc Disorders (1) Soft tissue/Enthesopathy (1)	Overexertion involving outside sources (2)
42	CNC/Routing	2005	192,735	All Other Plastics Product Manufacturing	Hand held air saws and grinders	Potential for back injury due to the operator having to constantly move, flip and rotate small to very large parts while cutting off excess run out material. These operations also include the potential for carpal tunnel syndrome from repetitive motions. There is vibration exposure and the possibility of deep lacerations or amputation of fingers from the air saw or grinder.			↑	Not Described	Contact Dermatitis and other eczema (1) Contusion (1) Foreign Body, Eye (2) Fracture - upper extremity (1) Open Wounds (2)	Exposure to other harmful substances (1) Falls on same level (1) Struck by object or equipment (5)
43	Automated/Palletizing	2005	179,023	Bottled Water Manufacturing	Manually moving bottled water from conveyor to boxes and manually loading/stacking on pallet	Pallets (30 lbs) are manually stacked then lifted from different heights and carried to the stocking area. Over 70 pallets are handled per day. Boxes weighing 48 lbs are stacked which requires awkward postures. Exposures include back strain, twisting and bending, slips, trips, and falls, as well as cuts and abrasions.			↓	Not Described	Sprains-Back (1)	Other exertions or bodily reactions (1)
44	Robot/Fanuc M-16	2006	132,543	Automotive Seating Manufacturing	Hand-held steam iron	There is a severe risk of injury to the wrist, neck and back while performing this job. The shoulders and elbows show a potential for injury.			↑	Not Described	Soft tissue/Enthesopathy (3) Sprains - upper extremity (1)	Overexertion involving outside sources (2) Repetitive motions involving microtasks (2)
45	Robot/ABB M94-A Model 4400	2007	109,524	Metal Service Centers and Other Metal Merchant Wholesalers	Operator tends die cast machine	Risk factor is the repetitive use of the same hand. This is a potential liability to rotator cuff strain, sprains and/or rotator cuff tears. This also could be a problem with back sprains and strains.			↑	Not Described	Burn (7) Soft tissue/Enthesopathy (1) Sprains - upper extremity (2)	Exposure to temperature extremes (7) Overexertion involving outside sources (2) Slip or trip without fall (1)
46	Robot/Fanuc 420	2006	161,304	Metal Service Centers and Other Metal Merchant Wholesalers	Operator tends die cast machine	Bums from bursting biscuit, hot tooling, and handling hot die castings. Ergonomic hazard associated with repetitive motion, repetitive lifting, twisting and hand squeezing. Possible pinch point areas.			↑	Not Described	Burn (1) Disc Disorders (1) Foreign Body, Eye (1) Sprains - upper extremity (2) Sprains-Back (1)	Exposure to temperature extremes (1) Other exertions or bodily reactions (1) Overexertion involving outside sources (3) Struck by object or equipment (1)
47	Robot/Ranger RT-1000S3	2007	64,602	Plastics Product Manufacturing	Operator tends plastic injection molding machine	The gate is manually opened 550 times in an 8 hour shift. This involves gripping and pulling the handle of the heavy gate. Once all parts have been extracted from the mold the hand and wrist have to be manipulated into different positions to trim the gate using a set of plastic cutters. This will eventually lead to Cumulative Trauma Disorder.			?	Not Described	Sprains - lower extremity (1)	Slip or trip without fall (1)
48	Automated/Insertion	2007	47,060	Fabricated Structural Metal Manufacturing	Use of brake press to press PEM nuts/studs into sheet metal	The main risk factor created by this job is the strain which is created on the lower back from bending in the 90 degree position while the neck is tipped up to assure proper alignment of the PEM nuts. Secondary risk factors are the strain created on the arm, shoulder, and neck area from reaching excessively and forcefully turning the part. This is done 25 hours per week.			↑	Acceptance	none	none
49	Robot/Star LW-1000V-460	2007	51,345	Plastics Product Manufacturing	Use of Snips to cut away parts	Exposure to a sharp cutting device. Poor hand posture can create fatigue and could lead to cumulative trauma injuries. Repetitive cutting of the parts does lead to neck, shoulder and arm fatigue in addition to the complaints of hand symptoms.			↑	Not Described	Open Wounds (1)	Struck by object or equipment (1)
50	Robot/Fanuc s-430iW	2008	70,903	Metal Tank Manufacturing	Manual handling of tank heads.	The machine configuration leads to poor ergonomics which can lead to potential back and abdominal injuries. Having to lean into the press with arms outstretched poses a risk for injury. Moving tank heads by hand raises the risk of a part (weighing up to 90 lbs) slipping and being dropped. which could result in a broken hand or foot. Overhead reaching to activate press palm controls.			↑	Acceptance	Hernia of abdominal cavity (1)	Overexertion involving outside sources (1)
51	CNC/Press brake, shearing, grinding (multi)	2009	67,384	Saw Blade and Handtool Manufacturing	Hydraulic bending machine; use of an abrasive chop saw to cut bar stock	The inherent risks associated with these operations include cuts/abrasions, strains/sprains, contact in pinch points, flying particles, amputation, noise and dust. Strains/sprains from multiple tooling changes and crushed fingers and fractures from tooling changes and contact in pinch points since there is no way to guard this equipment effectively,			?	Not Described	Fracture - upper extremity (1)	Struck by object or equipment (1)
52	CNC/Plasma cutting	2010	68,349	Machine Shops	Cutting and shaping metal using vertical and band saws; acetylene torch; and hand grinders.	Employees use a hand held torch to cut material. Exposures include flash burns, falling debris or parts, and risk of being cut on the jagged edge. Common complaints are of fatigue and pain in the lower back and neck due to bending and reaching across part.			↑	Not Described	none	none
53	CNC/Lathe	2010	198,014	Other Nonferrous Metal Foundries (except Die-Casting)	Older lathes and other equipment	Exposure to continuous heavy loads some of which are in the 75 lb range and are of awkward shape. Exposure to repetitive arm, hand and shoulder motion and vibration. Exposure to vibration can also cause the operator to grip the parts or machine lever with greater force, putting extra strain on the hand and fingers. The manual lathes require the operator to use awkward body positioning to load and unload parts as well as operate the machinery. These positions involve raising one’s arm above shoulder height. Repetitive unloading and loading of parts into machine chuck.			↑	Not Described	none	none
54	Automated/Coil winding	2013	68,422	Power, Distribution, and Specialty Transformer Manufacturing	Wire is pounded into place with rubber mallets in the process of coil winding	Repetitive hammer hits - 30 to 40 hammer hits for each layer in about a 3–5 minute period. The motion from swinging the mallet exposes the operator to stress and fatigue, which could result in repetitive motion injuries. Winding employees are utilizing rubber mallets that weigh 21, 42, 52, and 96 ounces.			?	Not Described	Burn (1) Contusion (1) Fracture - upper extremity (1) Open Wounds (1) Soft tissue/Enthesopathy (1) Sprains - upper extremity (2)	Caught in or compressed by equipment or objects (2) Exposure to temperature extremes (1) Overexertion involving outside sources (2) Struck by object or equipment (2)
55	Robot/Fanuc R-2000	2014	74,357	Wood Container and Pallet Manufacturing	Layout of material and use of pneumatic nail gun in assembly of wood crates	Persistent use of a nail gun poses risks of carpal tunnel syndrome. Long time exposures to a panel jigging system poses potential physical hazards such as lumbar injuries, strain/sprain on shoulder, upper arm, rotator cuff, radius/ulna or wrist.			↑	Acceptance	none	none
56	Robot/Yaskawa Motoman custom	2014	162,510	Chocolate and Confectionery Manufacturing	Hand tying ribbons on small boxes	Repetitive motion of right arm pulling down ribbon. Continuous movement of fingers and wrists. Long periods of time sitting for lower back fatigue. Lifting 1 lb boxes with above waist extremities while sitting. 1000 bows are tied per employee per 10 hour shift.			↑	Not Described	none	none
57	Robot/Fanuc R-2000	2014	68,964	Plastic Products Manufacturing	Manually placing and removing inserts from a mold cavity	The repetitive motions of forceful grabbing, reaching and pushing over 600 times per shift to insert the components into the mold cavities and needing to look down and side to side each time, has the potential for strain/sprains of the shoulders, back, arms, wrist, and neck, bilateral epicondylitis, carpal tunnel.			↑	Acceptance	Open Wounds (1)	Struck by object or equipment (1)
58	CNC/Routing	2014	58,574	Wood Cabinet Manufacturing	Table saw, drill press, jig saw and handheld router	Processes for cutting, carving, drilling and machining wood and other materials require employees to lift, position, hold and feed the material into or onto the table saw, drill press, jig saw and handheld router; and to transfer the pieces between tools. The 82 lb. boards are likely considered a Medium to High Risk lifting task given there are two people lifting and because the lift is from knee height to waist height.			↑	Acceptance	none	none
59	Automated/Bottling	2015	131,194	Distilleries	Manual handling during bottling, capping and labelling	The bottlers have to move the bottles down the line requiring a great deal of repetitive motion that can lead to repetitive stress injuries to the hands, wrists, elbows and shoulders. Hand intensive work with lifting			↑	Acceptance	Open Wounds (1)	Struck by object or equipment (1)
60	Robot/Fanuc M20	2015	50,626	Machine Tool Manufacturing	Deburr wheel and laser etching machine	The operator is holding pieces of aluminum in front of a deburr wheel for their entire shift. Hand intensive work with repetitive motion and vibration exposure with very small parts and detailed contoured edges. The other operator loads and unloads the laser machine with parts which is also hazardous because of the danger of catching the laser in the operator’s eye.			↔	Acceptance	Contact Dermatitis and other eczema (1)	Exposure to other harmful substances (1)
61	Robot/Universal Robots UR10 (collaborative robot application)	2015	55,984	Precision Turned Product Manufacturing	Manually tend CNC lathe with high production rate	Highly repetitive hand movements and grip/grasp motions. This highly repetitive environment contains hazards that could result in work related injury and illness such as Carpal Tunnel Syndrome and Tendonitis.			↑	Acceptance	none	none
62	CNC/Drilling (Wood)	2016	58,374	Transportation Industry Roll Up Door Manufacturing	Manual placement of hinges and drilling	Numerous strain issues with the person under the door in very awkward positions for several hours per day. Neck from bending to look up at door. Shoulders from working with hands above shoulder height. All areas of the back from awkward postures and wrists are severely bent when drilling holes. Grip hazards with vibration from holding power drill.			↑	Not Described	Sprains - upper extremity (1)	Caught in or compressed by equipment or objects (1)
63	CNC/Edgebanding	2016	103,619	Wood Kitchen Cabinet and Countertop Manufacturing	Manual cutting, joining and glueing tools.	Many awkward postures of the shoulders, lower back and neck. Risk factors observed include: back flexion, shoulder flexion/extension between +/−30 degrees on the right side and static posture with downward pressure applied by the left hand/arm to steady the board. Elbow flexion and static abduction of the right arm to operate the air gun. Risk factors observed include: pivoting the right shoulder using abduction and adduction and moving the right hand/wrist 16 times to spray glue during a 14 second period. Neck flexion in a static posture is used during spraying.			↑	Acceptance	none	none

^#(Employer description is paraphrased, but closely represents language used by the employer.)

↑ increased, ↓ decreased, ↔ unchanged, ? not described