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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Mater. 2022 Dec 19;8(2):123–138. doi: 10.1038/s41578-022-00517-x

Figure 5. Characterization techniques used to quantify the functionalization of DNA origami nanostructures.

Figure 5.

a | Visual characterization techniques rely on a physical probe (light or matter) to create a visual reconstruction of the nanostructure. The images are then used to quantify functionalization efficiency. b | Spectroscopic characterization techniques rely on a spectral fingerprint of the conjugate. UV or fluorescence spectroscopy determines the concentration of conjugate in a sample, which is compared to the concentration of nanostructures for functionalization efficiency quantification. c | Native separation-based characterization utilizes differences in retention time of functionalized nanostructures and unfunctionalized nanostructures to resolve, and in some cases quantify, functionalization efficiency. Denatured separation-based characterization relies on the physical separation and subsequent identification of the nanostructure components. Comparing the amount of reacted and unreacted functionalization sites allows for functionalization efficiency quantification.