Exhibit 1:

Sample characteristics, Healthy Helping study, program enrollment and transaction data from a supermarket chain in North Carolina, October 2019–December 2020

	Enrolled in Healthy Helping and ever shopped at supermarket chain (n = 28,927)		Enrolled in Healthy Helping and had pre- and postintervention data for intent-to-treat analyses (main analysis cohort) (n = 19,722)		Used Healthy Helping and had pre- and postintervention data for treatment-on-treated analyses (n = 18,970)
	No.	%	No.	%	No.	%
Food insecure	21,490	85.37a	14,716	85.42b	14,156	85.5c
Urbanicity
Urban	15,988	55.27	10,987	55.71	10,580	55.77
Suburban	8,677	30.00	5,860	29.71	5,634	29.70
Rural	4,262	14.73	2,875	14.57	2,756	14.53
Enrollment month
June	10	0.03	5	0.03	4	0.02
July	692	2.39	402	2.05	375	1.98
August	6,265	21.66	4,275	21.68	4,089	21.56
September	11,578	40.02	8,010	40.61	7,769	40.95
October	10,277	35.53	6,958	35.28	6,666	35.14
November	84	0.29	59	0.30	57	0.30
December	21	0.07	13	0.07	10	0.05

SOURCE Authors’ analysis of program enrollment data and transaction data from a supermarket chain in North Carolina, October 2019–December 2020. NOTES Food security was assessed using the 6-item Department of Agriculture screener (see US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. US household food security survey module: Six-item short form. See note 28 in text.) during Healthy Helping enrollment. People with low or very low food insecurity were classified as food insecure. Urbanicity was determined according to the federal Office of Management and Budget and the North Carolina Rural Center designation for each county; counties classified as “urban” or “rural” by both definitions were categorized as such, whereas counties with discordant classifications were categorized as “suburban.”

^aOf those who completed the screener (n = 25,174).

^bOf those who completed the screener (n = 17,228).

^cOf those who completed the screener (n = 16,556).