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. 2022 Mar 10;30(5):407–410. doi: 10.1038/s41434-021-00312-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Non-viral vector delivery approaches feature the least dual-use potential compared to approaches that involve the modification of viral vectors. b, c Compared to heritable viral vector enhancement, non-heritable enhancement approaches, such as PEGylation, feature less potential for misuse as they are not passed onto viral progeny. d Heritable approaches for enhancement of vectors based on viruses incapable of unassisted transmission, such as AAV, feature less potential for misuse than similar approaches applied to vectors based on viruses capable of unassisted transmission. e Compared to other approaches for the enhancement of viral vectors, highest potential for misuse features heritable enhancement of vectors based on viruses capable of unassisted transmission, such as capsid-engineered AdV or chimeric IAV. AAV adeno-associated virus, AdV adenovirus, IAV influenza a virus.