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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Cortex. 2023 Mar 30;163:92–122. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.03.002

Table 12.

Significant Reported Results and Effect Sizes for Verbal and Visual Memory

Study Direction Effect size and classification Notes
Verbal Memory
Lansing et al. (2004) EV M-L
R2 = 0.11–0.20
Mosch et al. (2005) EV L
R2 = 0.26		  For right-hemisphere lesions
Westmacott et al. (2018) EV M
R2 = 0.11
Visual Memory
Max et al. (2010) EV L
R2 = 0.27

Note. Effect size classifications are based on Cohen (1988)’s classification scheme. All effect sizes were converted to a common index of R2 for ease of comparison. M = Medium effect size; L = large effect size; EV = early vulnerability (earlier age of onset associated with worse outcomes).