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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Cortex. 2023 Mar 30;163:92–122. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.03.002

Table 9.

Significant Results and Reported Effect Sizes for Attention and Working Memory

Study Direction Effect size and classification Notes
Anderson, Jacobs, et al. (2010) EV M
R2 = 0.03–0.13
Anderson, Spencer-Smith et al. (2010) EV M
R2 = 0.12
Lansing et al. (2004) EV L
R2 = 0.25
Max et al. (2010) EV S
R2 = 0.02
Spencer-Smith et al. (2011) EV M
R2 = 0.11
Westmacott et al. (2010) EV M
R2 = 0.09–0.13		 Results reported for the group with only subcortical lesions and separately for the group with only cortical lesions
Westmacott et al. (2018) EV L
R2 = 0.21		 Neither age at onset nor age at test significantly predicted outcomes when age at test was included in the model

Note. Effect size classifications are based on Cohen (1988)’s classification scheme. All effect sizes were converted to a common index of R2 for ease of comparison. S = small effect size; M = medium effect size; L = large effect size; ER = early resilience (earlier age of onset associated with better outcomes); EV = early vulnerability (earlier age of onset associated with worse outcomes); U = a nonlinear association.