Table 1.
Overview of Included Studies
| Author(s) (year) | Study | Country | N | Follow-up (yr) | Study Quality | Mean age (yr) | Predictors | Health Outcomes | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sub age | SPA | Path | Ment hlth | Phys hlth | Long | ||||||||
| 1 | Avidor, Levi-Beltz, & Solomon (2021) | IL | 125 | 7 | 50 | 58 | X | X | |||||
| 2.1 | Avidor, Palgi, & Solomon (2021) | Study 1 | IL | 226 | 6 | 50 | 65 | X | X | ||||
| 2.2 | Avidor, Palgi, & Solomon (2021) | Study 2 | IL | 132 | 1 | 67 | 66 | X | X | ||||
| 3 | Ayalon (2016) | HRS | USA | 4,121 | 4 | 100 | 74 | U | Sub | ||||
| 4 | Barnes-Farrell & Petery (2018) | HRS | USA | 2,156 | 4 | 83 | 69 | X | X | Sub | |||
| 5 | Barrett & Toothman (2016) | MIDUS | USA | 872 | 9 | 83 | 50 | X | Psy | ||||
| 6 | Benyamini & Burns (2019) | RAH | USA | 851 | 10 | 40 | 73 | X | X | ||||
| 7 | Beyer et al. (2015) | DEAS | FRG | 277 | 2.5 | 83 | 73 | U | Beh | Sub | |||
| 8 | Beyer et al. (2019) | DEAS | FRG | 2,367 | 3 | 83 | 73 | G,L | Beh | ||||
| 9 | Boeder & Tse (2020) | DEAS | FRG | 3,745 | 6 | 67 | 61 | U,L,G | Psy | X | Sub | ||
| 10 | Boehmer (2006) | BLS | FRG | 159 | 0.42 | 0 | 63 | X | Sub | ||||
| 11 | Boehmer (2007) | BLS | FRG | 159 | 0.42 | 0 | 63 | X | Psy, Beh | Sub | |||
| 12 | Brothers et al. (2016) | FRG, USA | 537 | 2.5 | 33 | 64 | G,L | Psy | |||||
| 13 | Cheng et al. (2012) | HKG | 83 | 0.25 | 33 | 58 | U | Ob | |||||
| 14 | Choi & Dinitto (2014) | NHATS | USA | 5,371 | 1 | 50 | 74 | X | X | ||||
| 15 | Cohn-Schwartz et al. (2020) | HRS | USA | 1,823 | 8 | 100 | 68 | U | X | Sub | |||
| 16 | Dutt, Gabrian, & Wahl (2018) | FRG | 356 | 2.5 | 67 | 63 | G,L | X | |||||
| 17 | Dutt & Wahl (2019) | FRG | 299 | 4.5 | 67 | 63 | L | X | |||||
| 18 | Dutt, Wahl, & Rupprecht (2018) | FRG | 356 | 5 | 50 | 63 | G,L | X | |||||
| 19 | Fass et al. (2020) | DEAS | FRG | 1,027 | 12 | 83 | 64 | L | Sub | ||||
| 20 | Freeman et al. (2016) | TILDA | IE | 6,065 | 2 | 50 | 63 | L | X | ||||
| 21 | Fundenberger et al. (2020) | NHATS | USA | 1,679 | 7 | 67 | 75 | X | Sub | ||||
| 22 | Gale et al. (2018) | LBC1936 | GB | 271 | 7 | 50 | 79 | G,L | Beh | ||||
| 23 | Gale & Cooper (2018) | ELSA | GB | 3,505 | 6 | 83 | 70 | L | Ob | ||||
| 24 | Gum & Ayalon (2018) | HRS | USA | 4,606 | 4 | 100 | 65 | U | X | ||||
| 25 | Hajek & König (2020) | DEAS | FRG | 18,373 | 15 | 67 | 65 | X | Psy | ||||
| 26 | Han (2018) | HRS | USA | 3,382 | 4 | 100 | 74 | U | X | Sub | |||
| 27 | Han & Richardson (2015) | HRS | USA | 3,921 | 4 | 100 | 65 | U | X | ||||
| 28 | Kaspar et al. (2021) | FRG | 1,863 | 3.5 | 40 | 87 | G,L | X | |||||
| 29 | Kim et al. (2014) | HRS | USA | 6,177 | 4 | 83 | 71 | U | Beh | ||||
| 30 | Klusmann et al.(2019) | KLS | FRG | 557 | 1 | 50 | 44 | G | Beh | ||||
| 31 | Kotter-Grühn et al. (2009) | BASE | FRG | 496 | 16 | 80 | 85 | X | U | X | |||
| 32 | Kwak et al. (2014) | HRS | USA | 5,938 | 4 | 100 | 65 | U | X | ||||
| 33 | Lahav et al. (2020) | IL | 88 | 15 | 33 | 64 | X | Phy | |||||
| 34 | Levy et al. (2018) | HRS | USA | 4,765 | 4 | 50 | 72 | U | Ob | ||||
| 35 | Levy & Bavishi (2018) | HRS | USA | 4,149 | 6 | 80 | 68 | U | X | ||||
| 36 | Levy & Myers (2004) | OLSAR | USA | 241 | 20 | 50 | 57 | U | Beh | ||||
| 37 | Levy & Myers (2005) | OLSAR | USA | 620 | 23 | 60 | 63 | U | X | ||||
| 38 | Levy & Slade (2019) | HRS | USA | 5,702 | 6 | 50 | 65 | U | Beh | ||||
| 39 | Levy, Slade, & Kasl (2002) | OLSAR | USA | 433 | 20 | 50 | 62 | U | Sub | ||||
| 40 | Levy, Slade, Kunkel, & Kasl (2002) | OLSAR | USA | 660 | 23 | 60 | 63 | U | X | ||||
| 41 | Li et al. (2021) | NHATS | USA | 2,592 | 4 | 50 | 75 | X | Ob | ||||
| 42 | Liang (2018) | SSAPURs | CN | 5,702 | 4 | 83 | 70 | X | Sub | ||||
| 43 | Liang (2020) | SSAPURs | CN | 5,612 | 4 | 83 | 70 | X | X | ||||
| 44 | Lim et al. (2013) | ACPC | USA | 290 | 1 | 20 | 63 | X | X | ||||
| 45 | Losada-Baltar, et al. (2021) | ES | 1,549 | .04 | 50 | 43 | U | X | |||||
| 46 | Luo & Li (2020) | HRS | USA | 10,212 | 6 | 83 | 66 | U | Sub | ||||
| 47 | Maier & Smith (1999) | BASE | FRG | 513 | 4.5 | 60 | 85 | U | X | ||||
| 48 | Markides & Pappas (1982) | SATX | USA | 460 | 4 | 60 | 65 | X | X | ||||
| 49 | McLachlan et al. (2020) | LBC 1936 | GB | 758 | 8 | 40 | 73 | G,L | Phy | ||||
| 50 | Mejía et al. (2017) | HRS | USA | 1,231 | 6 | 83 | 66 | U | Sub | ||||
| 51 | Mejía et al. (2020) | HRS | USA | 2,717 | 4 | 83 | 66 | G,L | Phy | Ob | |||
| 52 | Mock & Eibach (2011) | MIDUS | USA | 1,170 | 10 | 50 | 53 | X | Psy | ||||
| 53 | Moser et al. (2011) | LC65+ | CH | 883 | 1 | 33 | 69 | U | Sub | ||||
| 54 | Nieves-Lugo, et al. (2021) | USA | 549 | 4.5 | 33 | 61 | X | U | Ob | ||||
| 55 | Palgi et al. (2018) | HRS | USA | 4,938 | 6 | 50 | 69 | X | X | Sub | |||
| 56 | Palgi et al. (2019) | IL | 132 | 2 | 50 | 65 | X | X | |||||
| 57 | Petashnick, et al. (2022) | IL | 164 | 3 | 67 | 81 | X | Phy | X | Sub | |||
| 58 | Qiao et al. (2021) | ELSA | GB | 6,475 | 11 | 50 | 65 | X | Ob | ||||
| 59 | Rippon & Steptoe (2015) | ELSA | GB | 6,489 | 9 | 40 | 66 | X | X | ||||
| 60 | Rippon & Steptoe (2018) | ELSA | GB | 7,546 | 4 | 67 | 66 | X | X | Sub | |||
| 61 | Sargent-Cox et al. (2012) | ALSA | AUS | 1,212 | 16 | 67 | 77 | U | Ob | ||||
| 62 | Sargent-Cox et al. (2014) | ALSA | AUS | 1,507 | 16 | 40 | 77 | U | X | ||||
| 63 | Schroyen et al. (2017) | BE | 58 | 1 | 67 | 74 | U | Psy | Sub | ||||
| 64 | Schroyen et al. (2020) | BE | 140 | 6 | 40 | 73 | U | X | |||||
| 65 | Segel-Karpas et al. (2021) | MIDUS | USA | 3,591 | 8 | 100 | 69 | U | X | ||||
| 66 | Siebert et al. (2018) | ILSE | FRG | 260 | 12 | 67 | 63 | U | Ob | ||||
| 67 | Spuling et al. (2013) | DEAS | FRG | 3,038 | 6 | 50 | 61 | X | X | Sub | |||
| 68.1 | Stephan et al. (2015) | HRS | USA | 2,023 | 4 | 67 | 74 | X | Phy | ||||
| 68.2 | Stephan et al. (2015) | NHATS | USA | 3,279 | 2 | 67 | 76 | X | Phy | ||||
| 69.1 | Stephan et al. (2016) | MIDUS | USA | 3,209 | 9 | 50 | 47 | X | Sub | ||||
| 69.2 | Stephan et al. (2016) | HRS | USA | 3,779 | 4 | 50 | 68 | X | Sub | ||||
| 69.3 | Stephan et al. (2016) | NHATS | USA | 3,418 | 2 | 50 | 76 | X | Sub | ||||
| 70 | Stephan et al. (2019) | HRS | USA | 3,339 | 4 | 83 | 69 | X | Phy | ||||
| 71.1 | Stephan, Sutin, Bayard, & Terracciano (2017) | MIDUS | USA | 2,350 | 9 | 67 | 56 | X | Beh | ||||
| 71.2 | Stephan, Sutin, Bayard, & Terracciano (2017) | HRS | USA | 4,066 | 6 | 67 | 68 | X | Beh | ||||
| 71.3 | Stephan, Sutin, Bayard, & Terracciano (2017) | NHATS | USA | 3,541 | 3 | 67 | 76 | X | Beh | ||||
| 72 | Stephan, Sutin, Luchetti, & Terracciano (2017) | HRS | USA | 5,748 | 4 | 83 | 74 | X | Ob | ||||
| 73 | Stephan, Sutin, Luchetti, & Terracciano (2018) | NHATS | USA | 4,262 | 4 | 83 | 76 | X | Ob | ||||
| 74 | Stephan, Sutin, Luchetti, & Terracciano (2021) | HRS | USA | 2,253 | 7 | 83 | 67 | X | Phy | ||||
| 75.1 | Stephan, Sutin, & Terracciano (2018) | MIDUS | USA | 4,898 | 19 | 60 | 48 | X | X | ||||
| 75.2 | Stephan, Sutin, & Terracciano (2018) | HRS | USA | 6,220 | 6 | 60 | 70 | X | X | ||||
| 75.3 | Stephan, Sutin, & Terracciano (2018) | NHATS | USA | 6,494 | 3 | 60 | 77 | X | X | ||||
| 76 | Stephan, Sutin, Wurm & Terracciona (2021) | HRS | USA | 10,695 | 9 | 33 | 69 | X | U | Sub | |||
| 77 | Sun et al. (2017) | HRS | USA | 4,735 | 4 | 100 | 69 | U | Sub | ||||
| 78 | Tovel et al. (2019) | IL | 892 | 2 | 83 | 81 | U | Sub | |||||
| 79 | Uotinen et al. (2005) | EP | FIN | 1,165 | 13 | 20 | 73 | X | X | ||||
| 80 | Veenstra et al. (2020) | NorLAG | NO | 4,502 | 15 | 83 | 58 | X | Psy | Sub | |||
| 81 | Veenstra et al. (2021) | NorLAG | NO | 1,432 | 10 | 80 | 73 | X | X | ||||
| 82 | Warmoth et al. (2018) | ELSA | GB | 2,418 | 6 | 100 | 70 | U | Ob | ||||
| 83 | Wettstein, Spuling, Cengia, & Nowossadeck (2021) | DEAS | FRG | 5,039 | 3 | 50 | 64 | X | Sub | ||||
| 84 | Wettstein, Wahl, & Kornadt (2021) | DEAS | FRG | 4,588 | 3 | 67 | 64 | X | U,G,L | X | |||
| 85 | Wettstein, Wahl, & Siebert (2020) | ILSE | FRG | 894 | 20 | 67 | 54 | U | Ob | ||||
| 86 | Wettstein, Wahl & Spuling (2021) | DEAS | FRG | 2,499 | 9 | 83 | 71 | U,G,L | Sub | ||||
| 87 | Whitehead (2019) | USA | 89 | .67 | 50 | 77 | U | Phy | Sub | ||||
| 88 | Wienert et al. (2015) | FRG | 541 | .08 | 67 | 40 | X | Beh | |||||
| 89 | Wienert et al. (2017) | FRG | 571 | .08 | 50 | 41 | X | Beh | |||||
| 90 | Wolff et al. (2017) | DEAS | FRG | 252 | 2.5 | 100 | 73 | L | Psy | Sub | |||
| 91 | Wurm et al. (2007) | DEAS | FRG | 1,286 | 6 | 83 | 57 | G,L | Sub | ||||
| 92 | Wurm et al. (2008) | DEAS | FRG | 1,286 | 6 | 67 | 57 | G | Psy | Sub | |||
| 93 | Wurm et al. (2010) | DEAS | FRG | 1,286 | 6 | 83 | 57 | G | Beh | ||||
| 94 | Wurm et al. (2013) | DEAS | FRG | 678 | 0.5 | 100 | 73 | L | Psy | Sub | |||
| 95 | Wurm & Benyamini (2014) | DEAS | FRG | 1,286 | 3 | 83 | 62 | L | X | Sub | |||
| 96 | Wurm & Schäfer (2022) | DEAS | FRG | 2,400 | 23 | 80 | 59 | X | G,L | X | |||
| 97 | Zee & Weiss (2019) | MIDUS | USA | 5,762 | 14 | 67 | 59 | X | Phy | ||||
| 98 | Zhang et al. (2020) | CLHLS | CN | 10,051 | 8 | 60 | 90 | L | X | ||||
| 99 | Zhao et al. (2017) | CLHLS | CN | 10,051 | 9 | 60 | 85 | U | X | ||||
Notes: Study Abbreviations: ALSA=Australian Longitudinal Study BASE=Berlin Aging Study BLS=Berlin Longitudinal Study on Quality of Life after Tumor Surgery CLHLS= Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey EP=Evergreen Project DEAS=German Aging Survey ELSA=English Longitudinal Study of Ageing HRS=Health and Retirement Study ILSE=Interdisciplinary Longitudinal Study of Adult Development KLS=Konstanz Life Study (not currently abbreviated but we could - Klusmann) LBC1936=Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 LC65+=Lausanne Cohort Study MIDUS=Survey on Midlife in the United States NHATS=National Health and Aging Trends Study NorLAG=Norwegian Life Course, Ageing and Generation Study OLSAR= Ohio Longitudinal Study of Aging and Retirement RAH =Rutgers Aging and Health Study SSAPURs=Sample Survey of the Aged Population in Urban/Rural China SATX=Survey in San Antonio, Texas SSP=Study on chronically institutionalized Schizophrenia Patients TILDA= The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing
Country Abbreviations: AUS=Australia BE=Belgium CH=Switzerland CN=China ES=Spain FIN=Finland DE=Germany GB=United Kingdom HKG=Hong Kong IE=Ireland IL= Israel NO=Norway RU=Russia USA=United States
Predictor Categorization:
- Sub Age = Subjective Age
- SPA = Self-Perceptions of Aging
- U = Unidimensional
- L = Multidimensional, loss-oriented
- G = Multidimensional, gains-oriented
Health Outcome Categorization:
Pathways
- Psy = Psychological Pathways (e.g, life satisfaction, positive or negative affect, psychological well-being)
- Beh = Behavioral Pathways (e.g, physical activity, preventive health services, coping)
- Phy = Physiological Pathways (e.g, biomarkers)
Ment. Hlth = Mental Health States (e.g, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms)
Phys. Hlth = Physical Sealth States
- Sub = Subjective indicators of physical health (e.g, self-reported health conditions, self-reported hospitalizations, self-rated health
- Ob = Objective indicators of physical health (e.g, frailty or diagnosed diseases)
Long = Longevity