Table 2.

Cox proportional hazards regression for the association between time of day and CVD mortality. ^*

	Midday Group (Reference)	Early Morning Group	Late Morning Group	Night Group
Full Sample (n=94,489)
No. of Deaths	175	117	208	129
No. of Participants	27,803	18,477	25,700	22,509
Hazard Ratio	1 (Reference)	1.56 (1.23 – 1.98)	1.21 (0.98 – 1.47)	1.49 (1.18 – 1.88)
With Pre-Existing CVD (n=6,672)
No. of Deaths	46	34	69	41
No. of Participants	2,267	1,035	2,204	1,166
Hazard Ratio	1 (Reference)	1.87 (1.20 – 2.92)	1.49 (1.02 – 2.17)	1.90 (1.24 – 2.92)
Without CVD (n=87,817)
No. of Deaths	129	83	139	88
No. of Participants	25,536	17,442	23,496	21,343
Hazard Ratio	1 (Reference)	1.44 (1.09 – 1.91)	1.11 (0.87 – 1.41)	1.33 (1.01 – 1.75)

^*The full-sample analysis adjusted for physical activity volume, age, sex, ethnicity, Townsend Deprivation Index, body-mass index, smoking, alcohol intake, healthy eating score, a family history of heart disease and stroke, hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes, long-standing illness, a personal history of heart attack, angina, and stroke, and general health status.