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. 2023 May 17;14:2816. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-38282-2

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a Zeta potential of the PTB or PTB@SA(0.10) coating on Si. n = 3 independent samples per group. b, c Number of viable S. aureus (b) and E. coli (c) recovered from bare substrate, PTB, or PTB@SA(0.10) coating as confirmed by colony counting. n = 3 independent samples per group. d, e CLSM images showing the patterned adherence of S. aureus on a bare substrate using the micropatterned PTB@SA coating as the resistant layer. f, g SEM images of unmodified (f) or PTB@SA(0.10) coating-modified urinary catheters (g) recovered after indwelling for 1 week. The arrow indicates scattered bacteria on the PTB@SA(0.10) coating. h In vivo anti-biofilm efficiency of the hybrid coating measured by colony counting. n = 4 animals per group. i The number of white blood cells in rabbit urine after different catheters were used for 1 week. n = 4 animals per group. j Gross observation of the rabbits’ urethra and the yellow circles represent the sampling site of the tissue section. k Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and immunochemical staining with anti-CD 45 antibody (green) and anti-CD 68 (brown) antibody in rabbit urethral tissue. l Quantification of the area of inflammatory cell infiltration in the H&E staining images of the urethra. n = 4 animals per group. m Quantification of CD 45 (l) and CD 68 (m) positive area in Fig. 4k. n = 4 animals per group. The experiments in (d–g) were repeated independently at least three times with similar results. All data are mean ± S.D. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test (b, c), two-tailed Student’s t-test (h, l, m), or two-tailed Welch’s t-tests (i). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.