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. 2023 May 17;13:8026. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-34772-x

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Reduced delta and theta power during NREM and REM sleep, respectively, in female Vgat-tfap2b^−/− mice. NREMS power spectra in 24 h scale (A) and delta power (0.5 – 4.0 Hz) changes over ZT course (B). REMS power spectra in 24 h scale (C) and theta power (5 – 10 Hz) changes over ZT course (D). Wake power spectra and 0.2—10 Hz power changes over ZT course. Data in (A, C, E) were analyzed using Friedman test followed by Dunn’s multiple comparisons test. Data in (B, D, F) were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by Sidak’s multiple comparisons test and were shown as the mean ± SEM. Highlighted is the 0.5–10 Hz frequency band (A, C, E), which was used for statistical analysis. Significant pairwise comparisons of Tfap2b^fl/fl vs. Vgat-tfap2b^−/− were marked with ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001. Female Tfap2b^fl/fl (n = 5), Vgat-cre (n = 5), Vgat-tfap2b^−/− (n = 5).