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. 2023 May 17;9:76. doi: 10.1038/s41531-023-00518-9

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Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — The upper part of the diagram indicated the diagnostic criteria used in patients of early-onset group and familial late-onset group clinically diagnosed as PD according to the time line. The bottom part of the diagram indicated the genetic testing carried out in the patients of different groups according to the time line. MDS diagnostic criteria: 2015 Movement Disorder Society Clinical Diagnostic Criteria for Parkinson’s disease, MLPA multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, PD Parkinson’s disease, SCA spinocerebellar ataxia, UK diagnostic criteria: The United Kingdom Parkinson’s disease Society Brain Bank Clinical Diagnostic Criteria, WES whole-exome sequencing.