Table 1.
Clinical features of the GU-EOPD patients, and the EOPD patients with pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants in PRKN, GBA, and PLA2G6.
| Clinical features | GU-EOPD (N = 429) |
PRKN (N = 100) |
GBA (N = 65) |
PLA2G6 (N = 12) | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PRKN | GBA | PLA2G6 | |||||
| Sex, female (%) | 160 (37.30) | 41 (41.00) | 36 (55.38) | 5 (41.67) | 0.4920 | 0.0055** | 0.7576 |
| Education, years | 12.00 (6.00) | 12.00 (6.00) | 11.00 (7.00) | 12.50 (8.00) | 0.9253 | 0.6765 | 0.6058 |
| AAO, years | 41.00 (9.00) | 27.00 (11.00) | 42.00 (8.00) | 27.00 (8.00) | 0.0001** | 0.4419 | 0.0001** |
| Age at examination, years | 45.00 (11.00) | 37.00 (13.50) | 45.00 (10.00) | 30.00 (4.50) | 0.0001** | 0.7449 | 0.0001** |
| Disease duration, month | 43.00 (60.00) | 93.00 (123.50) | 31.00 (54.00) | 33.00 (39.00) | 0.0001** | 0.0314* | 0.3928 |
| LEDD, mg | 450.00 (400.00) | 350.00 (400.00) | 475.00 (375.00) | 350.00 (400.00) | 0.0034* | 0.1294 | 0.8828 |
| UPDRS III, score (Med off) | 27.25 (21.00) | 30.00 (17.00) | 28.50 (20.00) | 39.00 (15.75) | 0.2598 | 0.9394 | 0.0148*a |
| Non-motor features | |||||||
| BDI, score | 12.00 (12.00) | 14.00 (13.00) | 11.00 (17.00) | 23.00 (12.00) | 0.1838 | 0.5385 | 0.0001**a |
| PDQ39, score | 29.00 (34.00) | 38.00 (32.00) | 28.00 (46.00) | 59.00 (44.00) | 0.0542 | 0.5028 | 0.0012**a |
| NMSQ, score | 10.00 (10.00) | 9.00 (5.00) | 9.00 (10.00) | 15.00 (6.50) | 0.3362 | 0.3336 | 0.0266* |
| ESS, score | 6.00 (6.00) | 5.00 (5.00) | 5.00 (5.00) | 7.00 (4.00) | 0.7024 | 0.4791 | 0.3527 |
| RBDSQ, score | 3.00 (3.00) | 3.00 (3.00) | 3.00 (3.00) | 3.00 (0.00) | 0.4316 | 0.9808 | 0.7485 |
| SSST-12, score | 6.00 (3.00) | 8.50 (3.00) | 5.00 (3.00) | 5.00 (4.00) | 0.0001**a | 0.0003**a | 0.1838a |
| Cognitive domains | |||||||
| Memory | −0.07 (1.08) | 0.07 (1.08) | −0.08 (1.18) | −1.10 (0.86) | 0.2463 | 0.7969 | 0.0017**a |
| Visuospatial function | 0.22 (0.76) | 0.21 (0.82) | 0.06 (1.22) | −0.78 (1.79) | 0.8576 | 0.2634 | 0.0022**a |
| Language | −0.02 (1.06) | 0.27 (1.29) | −0.25 (1.13) | −1.22 (2.54) | 0.0034**a | 0.2124 | 0.0434*a |
| Attention | 0.09 (0.98) | 0.45 (0.93) | 0.30 (1.23) | −0.47 (1.76) | 0.0001**a | 0.1113 | 0.0308*a |
| Executive function | 0.08 (0.78) | 0.31 (0.83) | 0.13 (0.82) | −0.36 (1.69) | 0.0001**a | 0.4364 | 0.0515a |
| MMSE, score | 28.00 (2.00) | 29.00 (1.00) | 28.50 (3.00) | 28.00 (2.00) | 0.3661 | 0.9885 | 0.0722a |
The continuous data are presented as median (interquartile range (IQR)), and the categorical data are presented as n (%).
AAO age at onset, EOPD early-onset Parkinson’s disease, GU genetically undefined, BDI beck depression inventory, ESS Epworth Sleepiness Score, LEDD Levodopa equivalent dose daily, MMSE mini mental state examination, NMSQ non-motor symptoms questionnaire, PDQ39 39-item Parkinson’s disease questionnaire, RBDSQ rapid-eye-movement sleep behavior disorder screening questionnaire, SSST-12 Sniffin’ Sticks screening 12 test, UPDRS Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale.
aSignificant after adjustment for age, gender, education, disease duration, and levodopa dose equivalents.
P: Comparison between the early-onset group with variants within a specific gene and GU-EOPD group. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.001.