Table 3.
FDA-approved drugs for bone diseases
| Bone disease | Action mechanism | Drug | Drug type | Year of FDA approval | Therapy type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Osteoporosis | ERs agonist | Estrogens, Esterified/Conjugated | Chemical | 1964/1942 | Hormone replacement therapy |
| Next-generation transdermal estrogen | 2013 | ||||
| Estradiol/Norethindrone Acetate | 2000 | ||||
| Estrone sodium sulfate/Sodium equilin sulfate | 2009 | ||||
| Sodium estrone sulfate/Sodium equilin sulfate/Medroxyprogesterone acetate | 2009 | ||||
| Conjugated Estrogens/Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | 1995 | ||||
| SERM | Raloxifene hydrochloride | 1997 | Bone-targeted therapy | ||
| Bazedoxifene/Conjugated estrogens | 2013 | ||||
| FDPS inhibitor | Zoledronic acid | 2008 | |||
| Risedronate sodium | 1998 | ||||
| Alendronate Sodium/Cholecalciferol | 2005 | ||||
| Alendronate sodium | 1995 | ||||
| Osteoclast inhibitor | Ibandronate | 2003 | |||
| PTH1R agonist | Abaloparatide | Recombinant polypeptide | 2017 | ||
| Teriparatide | 2002 | ||||
| SOST inhibitor | Romosozumab | Monoclonal antibody | 2019 | ||
| RANKL inhibitor | Denosumab | 2010 | |||
| Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis | COX inhibitor | Indomethacin | Chemical | 1984 | Disease-modifying therapy |
| Fenoprofen Calcium | 1976 | ||||
| Naproxen | 1976 | ||||
| Naproxen sodium | 1980 | ||||
| Piroxicam | 1982 | ||||
| Diclofenac sodium | 2007 | ||||
| Oxaprozin | 1992 | ||||
| Diclofenac sodium/Misoprostol | 1997 | ||||
| Celecoxib | 1998 | ||||
| Meloxicam | 2000 (OA)/ 2004 (RA) | ||||
| Esomeprazole Magnesium/Naproxen | 2010 | ||||
| Famotidine/Ibuprofen | 2011 | ||||
| GR agonist | Triamcinolone Acetonide | 1960 | |||
| Methylprednisolone Acetate | 1959 | ||||
| Triamcinolone Acetonide | 1960 | ||||
| Osteoarthritis | IL-17A inhibitor | Secukinumab | Monoclonal antibody | 2021 | |
| Sodium hyaluronate | Cross-linked sodium hyaluronate injection | Biological drugs | 2007 | ||
| Rheumatoid arthritis | DHFR inhibitor | Methotrexate sodium | Chemical | 1953 | |
| Methotrexate | 2019 | ||||
| JAK inhibitor | Upadacitinib | 2019 | |||
| Baricitinib | 2018 | ||||
| GR agonist | Methylprednisolone acetate | 1959 | |||
| DHODH inhibitor | Leflunomide | 1998 | |||
| IKK inhibitor | Auranofin | 1985 | |||
| CTGF inhibitor | Penicillamine | 1970 | |||
| Immunosuppressant | Azathioprine | 1968 | |||
| Leukotriene synthesis inhibitor | Sulfasalazine | 1950 | |||
| CD20 inhibitor | Rituximab | Monoclonal antibody | 2006 | ||
| IL-6RA antagonist | Sarilumab | 2017 | |||
| Tocilizumab | 2010 | ||||
| TNF-α inhibitor | Golimumab | 2009 | |||
| Certolizumab Pegol | 2009 | ||||
| Adalimumab | 2002 | ||||
| Infliximab | 1999 | ||||
| Etanercept | Fusion protein | 1998 | |||
| CD86 and CD80 regulator | Abatacept | 2005 | |||
| IL1R1 antagonist | Anakinra | Interleukin | 2001 | ||
| Melanocortin receptor agonist | Corticotropin | Synthetic polypeptide | 1950 | ||
| Bone tumor | FDPS inhibitor | Pamidronate disodium | Chemical | 2002 | Bone targeted therapy |
| Zoledronic acid | 2002 | ||||
| TYMS inhibitor | Levofolinate calcium | 2008 | |||
| DHFR inhibitor | Methotrexate sodium | 1959 | |||
| DNA inhibitor | RADIUM RA-223 DICHLORIDE | 2013 | |||
| RANKL inhibitor | Denosumab | Monoclonal antibody | 2010 | ||
| Paget disease of bone | FDPS inhibitor | Zoledronic acid | Chemical | 2007 | |
| Risedronate sodium | 1998 | ||||
| Osteoclast inhibitor | Etidronate disodium | 1977 | |||
| CTR agonist | Calcitonin salmon | Synthetic polypeptide | 1975 | ||
| Hypophosphatasia | Recombinant ALP | asfotase alfa | Peptide-drug conjugate | 2015 |
ER estrogen receptor, SERM selective estrogen receptor modulators, FDPS farnesyl diphosphate synthase, PTH1R type 1 parathyroid hormone receptor, RANKL receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand, COX cyclooxygenase, GR glucocorticoid receptor, DHFR dihydrofolate reductase, JAK Janus kinase, DHODH dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, IKK I kappa B kinase, CTGF connective tissue growth factor, TYMS thymidylate synthetase, CTR calcitonin receptor, ALP alkaline phosphatase