Table 2. Summary of included publications.

First author (year of publication)	Country (total n)	Study design	Population	Sample size	Timing of antibiotic exposure	Outcome	Result
Baron et al. [26], (2020)	United States (3), Denmark (2), Canada (2), Japan (1), Iran (1), the Netherlands (1), Sweden (1) and Finland (1)	Systematic review	0–5 years until 7–14 years	134 (minimum) to 910,301 participants (maximum)	Pre- and perinatal	Asthma	Positive
	Denmark (1), United States (1) and Belgium (1)	Systematic review	18 months up to 4 years of age	492 (minimum) to 62,560 participants (maximum)	Pre- and perinatal	Eczema	Positive
Higgins et al. [20], (2021)	Isle of Wight, UK	Prospective birth cohort	0–12 months	412 participants	Pre- and perinatal	Infant wheezing	Negative
Cassidy-Bushrow et al. [28], (2018)	Detroit, US	Retrospective	0–2 years	527 participants	Prenatal	Early BMI Index	Positive
Baron et al. [29], (2020)	United States (4) and Denmark (1)	Systematic review	2 years old up to of 7 years old	436 (minimum) to 39,615 mother-child pairs (maximum)	Pre- and perinatal	Overweight	Positive (under certain conditions)
Cunha et al. [14], (2021)	Portugal	Retrospective	0–4 years	7,459 participants	Pre- and perinatal	Different infections: tonsillitis, otitis, pneumonia, UTI, AGE, H. pylori	Tonsillitis: positive
							Otitis: negative
							Pneumonia: negative
							UTI: negative
							AGE: negative
							H. pylori: negative
Hamad et al. [36], (2019)	Manitoba, Canada	Population-based cohort	0–13 years old	214,834 participants	Pre- and perinatal	Autism spectrum disorders	Positive
Huang et al. [27], (2020)	Sweden (1), Poland (1), Belgium (2), South Korea (1), UK (1), Denmark (1)	Meta-analysis	0–1 years old	411 (minimum) to 62,560 participants (maximum)	Pre- and perinatal	Eczema	Positive only in first and second trimesters
Jess et al. [33], (2019)	Denmark	Population-based nationwide cohort	7–11 years old	43,365 mother-child pairs	Pre- and perinatal	Overweight	Negative
Leong et al. [32], (2020)	New Zealand	Cross-sectional national	0–4 years old	151,359 participants	Pre- and perinatal	Obesity	Negative
Loewen et al. [23], (2018)	Winnipeg, Canada	Population-based	0–9 years old	213,661 mother-child pairs	Pre- and perinatal	Asthma	Positive (and doseresponse association)
Metsälä et al. [21], (2015)	Finland	Population- and register-based nested case–control study	3–11 years old	6,690 case-control pairs	Prenatal	Asthma	Positive
Metz et al. [35], (2020)	USA	Retrospective cohort	2–5 years old	4,825 mother-child pairs	Perinatal	BMI	Negative
Metzler et al. [25], (2019)	Austria, Finland, France, Germany, and Switzerland	Prospective birth cohort	0–6 years old	1,080 participants	Prenatal	AD, food allergy, asthma, atopic sensitization and allergic rhinitis	AD: positive Food allergy: positive
							Asthma: negative Atopic sensitization: negative
							Allergic rhinitis: negative
Miller et al. [16], (2018)	Denmark	Population-based cohort	0–14 years old	443,546 participants	Pre- and perinatal	Infection-related hospitalization	Positive
Mor et al. [30], (2015)	Denmark	Prevalence	7–16 years old	9,886 participants	Pre- and perinatal	Overweight and obesity	Positive
Mulder et al. [22], (2016)	The Netherlands	Case-sibling and case-control	0–5 years old	2,456 participants	Pre- and perinatal	Asthma	Case-sibling: positive only 3rd trimester
							Case-control study: positive in any trimester
Örtqvist et al. [17], (2019)	Sweden	Population-based	0–6 years old	827,239 participants	Pre- and perinatal	IBD	Positive
Pedersen et al. [15], (2017)	Denmark	Birth cohort	0–3 years old	514 (OM) and 699 (VT) participants	Pre- and perinatal	OM and VT	OM: positive (and doseresponse association)
							VT: positive
Timm et al. [18], (2017)	Denmark	Birth cohort	18 months old	62,560 mother-child pairs	Prenatal	AD	Positive
Turi et al. [24], (2021)	Tennessee (United States)	Population-based cohort	0–8 years old	84,214 mother-child pairs	Pre- and perinatal	Asthma	Positive (and dose-response association)
Wan et al. [31], (2020)	Hungary, South Korea, Denmark, New Zealand, UK, Canada, United States, Finland, The Netherlands	Systematic review and meta-analysis	0–11 years old	1,253,035 participants total	Pre- and perinatal	Childhood overweight and obesity	Negative
Wohl et al. [19], (2015)	Pennsylvania (United States)	Retrospective analysis	0–2 years old	492 mother-child pairs	Prenatal	AD	Positive

OM: otitis media, VT: ventilation tubes, BMI: body mass index, UTI: urinary tract infection, AGE: acute gastroenteritis, AD: atopic dermatitis, IBD: inflammatory bowel disease, H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.