Table 4.

Association of Gestational Diabetes, Hypertension, and Asthma with Medical Debt Among Women with a Live Birth Within the Last Year, 2019–2020

	Problems paying medical bills			Unable to pay medical bills
	%	Unadjusted OR	Adjusted OR*	%	Unadjusted OR	Adjusted OR*
Gestational diabetes (n = 645)
No	18.3	Reference	Reference	12.1	Reference	Reference
Yes	31.9	2.09 (1.05, 4.18)	1.94 (0.97, 3.85)	22.6	2.11 (0.91, 4.87)	2.27 (1.02, 5.04)
Asthma (n = 644)
No	18.6	Reference	Reference	12.1	Reference	Reference
Yes	32.3	2.09 (1.09, 3.99)	2.15 (1.07, 4.31)	26.3	2.60 (1.26, 5.36)	2.71 (1.19, 6.17)
Hypertension (n = 645)
No	19.3	Reference	Reference	12.9	Reference	Reference
Yes	23.2	1.27 (0.65, 2.47)	1.26 (0.59, 2.68)	16.1	1.29 (0.62, 2.69)	1.37 (0.56, 3.32)

^*Adjusted for age (ages 18–24; 25–34; 35–49), region (Northeast, Midwest, South, West), self-reported health status (fair/poor health), education (< HS, HS/GED, some college, BA,  > BA), family income ($0 to $34,999; $35,000 to $49,999; $50,000 to $74,999; $75,000 to $99,999; $100,000 or greater); health insurance (private; Medicaid and other public; other coverage; uninsured); and one of the three chronic disease indicators (gestational diabetes, asthma, or hypertension: yes/no). Number analyzed after exclusion of those with missing data for covariates: n = 635 in adjusted analyses for gestational diabetes and hypertension, and n = 634 in adjusted analysis examining asthma effects

Statistically significant odds ratios are bolded