TABLE 3.
Summary of organoid‐based clinical trials registered in the ClinicalTrials.gov database.
| Application | Condition or disease | Trial number | Phase | Recruitment Status | Study type | Treatment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Drug screening /Personalized treatment | Cystic fibrosis | NCT04254705 | N/A | Unknown | CT | Tezacaftor + Ivacaftor |
| Advanced inoperable abdominal tumors | NCT05378048 | 2 | Not yet recruiting | RCT | Antitumor therapy | |
| Refractory solid tumors | NCT04279509 | N/A | Unknown | CT | Chemotherapy | |
| Cholangiocarcinoma | NCT05644743 | N/A | Not yet recruiting | PSO | Gemcitabine + cisplatin | |
| NCT05634694 | N/A | Recruiting | PSO | Chemotherapy | ||
| Breast cancer | NCT03544047 | N/A | Unknown | CT | Paclitaxel | |
| NCT03925233 | N/A | Unknown | RSO | Antitumor drugs | ||
| Colorectal cancer | NCT04996355 | N/A | Recruiting | PSO | Chemotherapy | |
| NCT03577808 | N/A | Unknown | PSO | Neoadjuvant chemoradiation | ||
| NCT05352165 | N/A | Not yet recruiting | RCT | Neoadjuvant therapy | ||
| NCT05304741 | N/A | Recruiting | PSO | Chemotherapy and targeted agents | ||
| NCT05725200 | N/A | Recruiting | CT | Antitumor drugs | ||
| NCT04906733 | N/A | Recruiting | PSO | Chemotherapy with/without cetuximab | ||
| Lung cancer | NCT03979170 | N/A | Recruiting | PSO | Chemotherapy | |
| NCT05669586 | 2 | Recruiting | RCT | Antitumor therapy | ||
| Ovarian cancer | NCT05175326 | N/A | Recruiting | PSO | Chemo‐ and targeted therapy | |
| NCT05290961 | N/A | Recruiting | PSO | Antitumor drugs | ||
| Recurrent high grade astrocytic glioma | NCT05532397 | Not yet recruiting | CT | Antitumor drugs | ||
| Esophageal cancer | NCT03283527 | N/A | Unknown | PSO | Chemoradiation | |
| Pancreatic cancer | NCT05196334 | N/A | Recruiting | PSO | Antitumor therapy | |
| NCT03544255 | N/A | Unknown | PSO | Antitumor therapy | ||
| NCT04931381 | N/A | Recruiting | RCT | Chemotherapy | ||
| Gastric cancer | NCT05351398 | N/A | Not yet recruiting | RCT | Neoadjuvant therapy | |
| Gastro‐intestinal cancer | NCT05652348 | N/A | Recruiting | PSO | Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy | |
| Nonmuscle‐invasive bladder cancer | NCT05024734 | 2 | Recruiting | CT | Epirubicin, mitomycin, gemcitabine, docetaxel | |
| Prediction of treatment response | Colorectal cancer liver metastasis | NCT05183425 | N/A | Recruiting | – | Antitumor drugs |
| Pancreatic cancer | NCT04736043 | N/A | Recruiting | – | Antitumor drugs | |
| NCT04777604 | N/A | Not yet recruiting | – | Neoadjuvant treatment | ||
| Ovarian cancer | NCT04555473 | N/A | Recruiting | – | Primary debulking surgery (PDS) + adjuvant chemotherapy and neoadjuvant chemotherapy + interval debulking surgery | |
| Gastric cancer | NCT05203549 | N/A | Recruiting | – | Neoadjuvant therapy | |
| Breast cancer | NCT05007379 | N/A | Not yet recruiting | – | New CAR‐macrophages | |
| Advanced refractory cancers | NCT05267912 | N/A | Recruiting | – | Chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, targeted therapy | |
| Intestinal irradiation and inflammatory bowel disease | NCT05425901 | N/A | Not yet recruiting | – | Irradiation | |
| Nonsmall cell lung cancer | NCT05136014 | N/A | Enrolling by invitation | – | Tyrosine kinase inhibitors | |
| NCT04826913 | N/A | Not yet recruiting | – | Chemotherapy (cisplatin, carboplatin, pemetrexed), targeted therapies or immunotherapy and radiotherapy | ||
| NCT05332925 | N/A | Recruiting | – | Immunotherapy | ||
| Head and neck cancer | NCT05400239 | N/A | Not yet recruiting | – | Chemoradiotherapy | |
| Biobank | Triple‐negative breast cancer | NCT05404321 | N/A | Recruiting | – | – |
| Breast cancer | NCT05317221 | N/A | Recruiting | – | – | |
| Neuroendocrine neoplasm | NCT04927611 | N/A | Recruiting | – | – | |
| Colorectal cancer metastases and hepatocellular carcinomas | NCT05384184 | N/A | Recruiting | – | – | |
| Liver, biliary, and pancreatic cancer | NCT02436564 | N/A | Unknown | – | – | |
| Kidney cancer | NCT04342286 | N/A | Completed | – | – | |
| Intrauterine adhesion | NCT05521932 | N/A | Not yet recruiting | – | – | |
| Head and neck cancer | NCT04261192 | N/A | Recruiting | – | – | |
| Digestive system diseases (inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis type) | NCT05294107 | N/A | Recruiting | – | – | |
| Hematologic malignancy | NCT03890614 | N/A | Recruiting | – | – | |
| Glioma tumor | NCT04865315 | N/A | Active, not recruiting | – | – | |
| Lung cancer | NCT04859166 | N/A | Completed | – | – | |
| Cancers | NCT05734963 | N/A | Recruiting | – | – | |
| Vaginal HPV infection | NCT04278326 | N/A | Recruiting | – | – | |
| Pancreatic cancer | NCT05727020 | N/A | Recruiting | – | – | |
| Models for basic research | Host–microbe interaction | NCT05323357 | N/A | Recruiting | – | – |
| Simultaneous establishment of PDAC organoids and CAFs | NCT05571956 | N/A | Recruiting | – | – | |
| The role of the immunological microenvironment in chemoresistant colorectal cancer | NCT05038358 | N/A | Not yet recruiting | – | – | |
| Characterize the level of proliferation of high‐grade astrocytoma organoids | NCT03971812 | N/A | Unknown | – | – | |
| The biology of innervated sensory epithelial cells | NCT02888587 | N/A | Completed | – | – | |
| The mechanisms of aggressive tumor growth and treatment resistance in glioblastoma | NCT04868396 | N/A | Active, not recruiting | – | – | |
| Grafts of patient‐derived glioblastoma stem cells onto autologous brain organoids for testing drugs against tumor invasion | NCT05772741 | N/A | Recruiting | – | – | |
| Human‐specific mechanisms of preimplantation embryo development and early pregnancy | NCT05231551 | N/A | Recruiting | – | – | |
| Characterization of meningioma patient‐derived organoids | NCT04478877 | N/A | Recruiting | – | – | |
| Characterization of primary sclerosing cholangitis patient‐derived organoid | NCT04753996 | N/A | Recruiting | – | – | |
| Molecular characterization of metastatic prostate cancer | NCT05577689 | N/A | Not yet recruiting | – | – | |
| Comparison of basic properties of gut epithelia of hypertensive and normotensive reference subjects | NCT04497727 | N/A | Active, not recruiting | – | – | |
| Characterization of intestinal stem cells | NCT02874365 | N/A | Recruiting | – | – | |
| Mechanisms of food sensitivity | NCT03256266 | N/A | Recruiting | – | – | |
| NCT05259826 | N/A | Recruiting | – | – |
CAFs, cancer associated fibroblasts; CT, clinical trial; N/A, not available; PDAC, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; PRO, prospective observational; RSO, retrospective observational.
Data source: ClinicalTrials.gov website (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/home).