Fig. 2.

(a) Setup of simulation model and comparison with experimental result: (i) geometry model used for heat transfer simulation, (ii) simulation result obtained from previous model, (iii) thermal camera image during actual heat loss of locally heated PS culture insert, and (iv) comparison of heat loss of PS culture insert between simulation and experimental results. (b) Temperature distribution of NF membrane: (i) contour line of temperature when T_PS was set to 55 ​°C, (ii) 65 ​°C, (iii) 75 ​°C, and (iv) T_NF-FS depending on T_PS. (c) Optimization process for preheating temperature: (i) temperature difference between TP–NF bonding interface and free-standing region, where the red line indicates T_m-PCL, (ii) SEM image of TP–NF bonding interface and free-standing region. Optimal T_PS is shown in the white section. (d) Structurally damaged area depending on the preheating temperature: (i) image of NF insert, insert_th, when T_PS was 55 ​°C, (ii) 65 ​°C, and (iii) 75 ​°C, and (iv) comparison of undamaged area between simulation and experiment. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)